Transcript Leaders

The Civil War: 1861-1865
Election of 1860
√
John C. Breckenridge –
Southern Democrat
vs
Abraham
Lincoln –
Republican
Stephen A.
Douglas Democrat
Why did Lincoln win?
John Bell –
Constitutional Union
North v South in 1861: which side
had all the advantages?
So why does it take four years for the North to win?
Lincoln’s ea, rly decisions:
• Keep slave-holding
“border states” loyal
• Puts border states
under martial (military)
law = NO tolerance for
dissent!
• Gets rid of habeus
corpus = critics thrown
in jail without trial!
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland,
Delaware
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EACH
SIDE
SOUTH/CONFEDERACY
NORTH/UNION
•
--industry: factories,
manufacturing,food production
trade
--Capital: D.C.
--Leaders: Lincoln; leading general->Ulysses S. Grant eventually
--Strategy: 1) Break down the
Southern spirit 2) Capture
Richmond 3) cut off South’s trade
by blocking Southern coastline
--Cause: to keep Union together;
after 1863, abolish slavery
--industry: farming; trade
with Britain; key crop-->
COTTON; b/c of this, South
hopes to get help from G.B.
--Capital: Richmond, VA
--Leaders: Davis; leading
general-->Robert E. Lee
--Strategy: 1) Capture D.C.
2) Cut off supplies from N.
3) Drag out the war so that
N. would run out of supplies
--Cause: to keep/protect
states’
The Anaconda Plan
• Devise a strategy to
win the war
• Devised by General
Winfield Scott
– Capture Richmond
– Blockade coastline to
prevent cotton
shipments
– Control Mississippi
River to disrupt food
supply
Select a military leader
RE Lee decides to fight for
the Confederacy!
So Lincoln selects George
McClellan! McClellan proved to
be a weak leader though
On the battlefield
• Why won’t
McClellan fight?
– Overly cautious
– Always believes he
is outnumbered!
•
1st
On
the
battlefield
Battle of Bull Run, 1861
• Union defeat 25 miles away
from Washington
• Lincoln realizes the South will
not be easy to defeat
• August 1862, 2nd Battle of Bull
Run: Union is defeated-SOME OF PARLIAMENT
MEMBERS THINK TO HELP
THE SOUTH
• A replaced McClellan is put
back in charge after this defeat
• Things not looking good for
Union
The Battle of Antietam
• Lee’s objectives – a
victory in the border
state of Maryland
might convince this
border state to
secede!
• Might convince GB
to recognize
Confederacy!
September 17th, 1862
• Antietam = The
bloodiest single day
of the war
• 23,000 casualties
• Considered the
bloodiest battle of
entire war
McClellan’s Blunders!
• Advantage: Union! had a copy of Lee’s
battle plans!
• Lee forced to retreat when unable to
break through Union lines
• McClellan does nothing
• Militarily, battle is a draw BUT LINCOLN
DECLARES IT A UNION VICTORY!?!
Why is Antietam so important?
Announced the Emancipation
Proclamation!
• Freed all slaves in states
that had left the union
• Did not free the slaves in
the border states!?!
Effects
• Changed goal of war from preservation
(keeping together) of Union → abolition
• Kept the border states loyal
• Ended possibility of British recognition since
England had already abolished slavery
Effects (con’t)
• Allowed for the
recruitment of AfricanAmerican soldiers
• Ended the criticism of
Radical Republicans,
who wanted Lincoln to
make abolition of
slavery a goal of the
war
Grant at Vicksburg: 7/1863
• Union now has total
control of the
Mississippi River
through Vicksburg
→ difficult to
transport food to
southern cities
“Bread riots” break out in
Southern cities
Lee’s last gamble:
GETTYSBURG
July 1-4, 1863
• Lee tries a 2nd invasion
of the North
• 3 day battle end with
the failure of Pickett’s
charge
– Out of 15,000
Confederate troops, only
100 survive
• Union victory seen as
turning point of war
• Helped Lincoln to win
re-election in 1864
July 1 – 3, 1863
Both sides struggle to keep
armies manned
• 1862 – Confederate
draft begins
– 20 Negro Law
• 1863 – Union draft after
Union defeat at
Fredericksburg
– $300 buys you a
“substitute soldier”
– “bounty jumpers” use this
to make $$$
Is this a “poor man’s fight?”
ROLE OF OTHERS
•
IMPORTANCE OF RAILROADS:
– Lifelines for the armies; if you cut the rails, enemies would not be able to
send and get supplies
– Transport food, supplies, weapons; advantage for North which had more
railroad mileage than the South
• Focus on the railroads as a key targets came at the Battle of
Petersburg (Union attacked Confed RRs)
•
IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN:
– Dorothea Dix: Superintendent of Nurses
• Placed women to work in hospitals
– Louisa May Alcott: author of Little Women; worked for Dix
– Clara Barton:
• volunteer in the war; cared for wounded soldiers
• 1877, founded the American Red Cross
Women organizations created hospitals; worked to keep military camps clean;
Other duties worked for Treasury Department and worked in factories making
weaponry, made uniforms
Some women pretended to be mean and served as soldiers until discovered
IMPORTANCE OF BLACKS
IN ARMS
•
IMPORTANCE OF BLACKS IN
ARMS
– Made possible with the
Emancipation Proclamation
– 185,000 troops enlisted in
Union forces; about 38,000
died from illness or battle
– 54th Massachusetts: allBlack regiment under the
leadership of Col. Robert
Shaw
• Led the brave charge at
Fort Wagner, SC, in 7/1863
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End of War: Appomattox Court
House: 4/1865
Read the account of Lee’s surrender
to Grant.
• Official end to the Civil War
• Robert E. Lee surrenders to
Ulysses S. Grant
• On Dec. 6, 1865, the 13th
Amendment will be passed,
officially abolishing or ending
slavery
SAVE FOR RECONSRUCTION
Election of 1864: Lincoln v
McClellan
• Not sure Lincoln can win!
• New running mate
chosen = Andrew
Johnson → southerner &
small slaveholder--Why
would Lincoln have him
as a running mate? To
get southern support
• Lincoln sends South a
message → the North will
treat you fairly!
Lincoln’s Inaugural Address
“With malice toward none;
with charity for all…”
Lincoln tries to convince
the South to stop
fighting!