Transcript Holt Call to Freedom

Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 20:
Reconstruction
1865-1877
20.1 Rebuilding the South
 Analyze the effect that the
end of the Civil War had on
African Americans in the
South.
 Contrast the views of
Abraham Lincoln, Congress,
and Andrew Johnson on
Reconstruction.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2
I. Planning Reconstruction
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3
A. Reconstruction
1. Process of reuniting the
nation and rebuilding the
South without slavery
2. Lasted from 1865 to 1877
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4
B. Lincoln’s Plan
1. Offer amnesty, or an official
pardon, to southerners who
took a loyalty oath to the
United States and who
accepted a ban on slavery
2. Once 10 percent of the voters
in a state had made these
pledges, the state could form a
new government and be
readmitted to the union.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 5
A Rebel Battery in Pensacola
» http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/kids/images/civil_war.jpg
B. Lincoln’s Plan
3. Under this Ten Percent
Plan, southern states began
efforts to rejoin the Union.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7
C. Wade-Davis Bill
1. Congressional alternative to
Lincoln’s plan; had two
requirements
2. First, to rejoin the Union, a
southern state had to ban
slavery.
3. Second, a majority of the adult
males in the state had to take a
loyalty oath.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 8
C. Wade-Davis Bill
4. The plan also banned
Confederate supporters from
voting or holding office.
5. President Lincoln refused to
approve the tougher plan.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9
http://www.nkjo.net.pl/history/north-south.jpg
II. The Thirteenth Amendment
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A. Problems with the Emancipation
Proclamation
1. Because of the
proclamation’s limitations,
the border states still had
slavery
2. Some people worried that
the federal courts might
declare the Emancipation
Proclamation to be
unconstitutional.
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II. The Thirteenth Amendment
B. The Thirteenth Amendment
made slavery illegal
throughout the United
States.
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C. Responses
1. Frederick Douglass argued that
African Americans must have
the right to vote.
2. Freedpeople demanded
economic and political equality.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14
Frederick Douglass 1817-1895
http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/images/douglass_frederick.jpg
III. The Freedmen’s Bureau
A.Freedmen’s Bureau –
established by Congress in
1865 to provide relief to all
poor southerners,
regardless of race
B. The bureau helped to
promote education by
building schools.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 16
Jacob Yoder, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania who established Lynchburg’s
first Freedmen’s Bureau school for black children, poses here with a
colleague and pupils in the early 1870s.
: www.legacymuseum.org/Struggle/CivilWar/Yoder.htm
IV. A New President
A.John Wilkes Booth, a
southerner, assassinated
President Lincoln in April
1865.
pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth
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B. Andrew Johnson
1. As Lincoln’s vice president,
became president upon Lincoln’s
death
2. Gave amnesty to southerners
who took loyalty oaths and
denounced slavery
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19
The Assassination of Lincoln
www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html
B. Andrew Johnson
3. Required wealthy southerners
and former Confederate
officials to receive a
presidential pardon to qualify
for amnesty
4. Johnson shocked many
Republicans by granting more
than 7,000 pardons.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 21
Bloodstains are still
visible on this flag, used
by the actor Thomas
Gourlay to cushion
Lincoln’s head as the
president lay on the
floor of the state box in
Ford’s Theatre.
(Courtesy of the Pike
County [Pa.] Historical
Society)
www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html
V. President Johnson’s
Reconstruction Plan
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A. The New President’s Plan
1. Elected delegates in each state
would hold a convention to write
a new state constitution, after
which voters would elect new
officials to the U.S. Congress.
2. The state government must
declare that secession was
illegal.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24
A. The New President’s Plan
3. The state could not repay
Confederate war debts.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25
President Andrew Johnson
www.whitehouse.gov
B. Congressional Response
1. Angry that southern states
sent former Confederate
officials to serve in Congress
2. Refused to readmit the
reconstructed southern states
into the Union
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27
20.2 The Fight over Reconstruction
 X Explain how Black Codes
restricted Freedom
 X Analyze the reasons
Radical Republicans wanted
to impeach Johnson
 X Describe the efforts of
Republicans to protect the
civil rights of Blacks
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I. The Black Codes
A. Black Codes – laws that greatly
limited the freedom of African
Americans
B. Passed in every southern state
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I. The Black Codes
C. Required African Americans to
sign work contracts that created
working conditions similar to
slavery
D. New state governments in the
South did not respond to African
American concerns about the
slave codes.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 30
II. The Radical Republicans
A. Moderate Republicans wanted
the South to have loyal
governments, African Americans
to have rights as citizens, and to
limit federal intervention in the
South.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31
Ku Klux Klan
The
was a loosely organized group of
political and social terrorists
during the Reconstruction, whose
goals included political defeat of
the Republican Party and the
maintenance of absolute white
supremacy in response to newly
gained civil and political rights by
southern blacks after the Civil
War.
www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.js...
II. The Radical Republicans
B. Radical Republicans wanted to
see more change in the South
and wanted the federal
government to be much more
involved in the Reconstruction.
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C. Congressional Response
1. Thaddeus Stevens of
Pennsylvania and Charles
Sumner of Massachusetts were
the leaders of the Radical
Republicans in Congress.
2. Radical Republicans gained
support among moderates when
President Johnson ignored
criticism of the Black Codes.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 34
CHARLES SUMNER OF MASSACHUSETTS
(BORN 1811, DIED 1874.) Beaten by Preston Brooks after his speech
ON THE CRIME AGAINST KANSAS; SENATE, 1856.
• Brooks uncle had been insulted in the
speech
www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit4/sumner.html
III. Johnson versus Congress
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36
A. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill
1. Congress passed a bill expanding
the powers of the Freedmen’s
Bureau.
2. Johnson vetoed the bill; argued
that African Americans did not
need assistance.
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B. Civil Rights
1. Congress passed Civil Rights
Act of 1866 to give African
Americans legal rights.
2. Johnson vetoed the act, but
Congress overrode his veto.
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IV. The Fourteenth Amendment
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A. Provisions of the Fourteenth
Amendment
1. Defined citizenship and
guaranteed equal protection of
the laws to citizens
2. States could not deny citizens
“life, liberty or property”
without due process.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 40
Freedmen’s Bureaus in the U.S.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/freedmens-bureau-1.jpg
A. Provisions of the Fourteenth
Amendment
3. Banned former Confederate
officials from holding state
or federal office, and made
state laws subject to review
by federal courts.
4. Gave Congress power to pass
laws necessary to enforce
the amendment.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 42
B. President Johnson and most
Democrats opposed the amendment
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V. Congress Takes Charge
A. 1866, Republicans gain
greater control(over 2/3rds)
of Congress & Reconstruction
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 44
Democratic Party flyer during the 1866
Pennsylvania congressional and gubernatorial
campaign.
www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htm
B. The Reconstruction Acts
1.Placed most of the south
under military control until
states rejoin the union.
2.Required states to guarantee
the right to vote to black
men.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46
C. Johnson was impeached but not
removed from office
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VI. Election of 1868
A. Democrats nominated Horatio
Seymour; Republicans Ulysses
S. Grant
B. Ku Klux Klan formed in
Tennessee (1866) and used
violence and terror to attack
blacks & Republicans to keep
blacks from voting. Wanted to
restore the south to the
Democratic Party.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48
The Lynching of Leo Frank
• (The years given in the
table represent
approximate time
periods.)
• Year membership
• 1920 4,000,000
• 1924 6,000,000
• 1930 30,000
• 1970 2,000
• 2000 3,000
http://www.arikah.com/encyclopedia/images/e/e5/FrankLynchedLarge.jpg
C. Black Votes helped Grant win
the Presidency and Republicans win
Congress
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VII. Fifteenth Amendment
A. Fifteenth Amendment
guaranteed Black men the
right to vote.
B. Flaws in the amendment
1. Did not guarantee right
of blacks to hold office.
2. Did not give women the
right to vote.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51