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War Between the States
1861-65
APUSH MCELHANEY
Discussion/Essay Question
1.

“The Northern victory over the Confederacy
was inevitable.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
Civil War
Need to Know
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The Union
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Mobilization and finance
Civil liberties
Election of 1864
Confederate constitution
Mobilization and finance
States' rights and the
Confederacy
Foreign affairs and
diplomacy
Military strategy, campaigns,
and battles
The abolition of slavery
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The South
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Confiscation Acts
Emancipation Proclamation
Freedmen's Bureau
Thirteenth Amendment
Effects of war on society
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Inflation and public debt
Role of women
Devastation of the South
Changing labor patterns
The Effects of the War
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618,000 died in the Civil War
Ended States Rights concept forever
Strengthened the Supremacy of Federal Government
over the States
Accelerated economic development of the North
Made Republican Party a powerful and enduring force
Devastated the Economy of the South
Ended Slavery (Emancipation Proclamation 1863 and
13th Amendment 1865)
Lincoln’s First Inauguration
“Carrot and Stick Approach”
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Carrot:
Tried to reassure the South
that he would not interfere
with Slavery where it existed.
He would enforce Fugitive
Slave Act
“We are not enemies but
friends. Though passion may
have strained, it must not
break our bonds of
affection.”
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Stick:
He would fight.
He would, “Employ all
powers…to reclaim the
public property and places
which have fallen; places
belonging to the
government.”
President Lincoln's First Inaugural
Address, March 4, 1861

“In
your hands, my dissatisfied fellowcountrymen, and not in mine, is the
momentous issue of civil war. The
Government will not assail you. You
can have no conflict without being
yourselves the aggressors. You have no
oath registered in heaven to destroy the
Government, while I shall have the
most solemn one to ''preserve, protect,
and defend it.”
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“It seems clear that in both the North and
South, sectional antagonisms had risen to such a
point that the existing terms of union had
become untenable.”
“They had grown to be two distinct and
incompatible civilizations”
They were incapable of living together in peace.
Sentiments on Both sides were
Extreme

RW Emerson “I do not see how a barbarous
community and a civilized community can
constitute one state.” (Northern View)

(Southern View) “These people hate us, annoy
us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves
if they dared. They are different people from us,
whether better of worse, and there is no love
between us. Why then continue together?”
Mobilization
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After Fort Sumter both sides rush to war
Nationalism was high
Volunteers were plentiful
The Confederates wanted independence
The Yankees wanted to punish the traitors
Armies were raised, equipped, and prepared for
war.
The Union and Confederacy in 1861
Map
Why did Border States remain in the
Union?
Preparations for War: North
Advantages
Natural Resources, $
Superior Navy
Population 3x more
90% of country’s Factories
Railroads
Production of Firearms,
cloth, iron, boots/shoes
Disadvantages
At first not prepared for war
People thought it would only
last a short time
Needed arms, munitions,
equipment
Poor leadership
Had to fight a war of
conquest= Invade the South
Divided Public Opinion
Preparations for War: South
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Advantages
Food Production
Virginia had Armories and
produced weapons
Harpers Ferry Armory
Cotton $
Good military leadershipRobert E. Lee
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Good soldiers
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Disadvantages
At first Weapons Shortage
Lacked Manufacturing
Lacked Transportation
Few Rail Roads
Needed to import Arms and
Equipment
(British)
Low population
Low Resources
Little Navy
Resources: North & the South
Railroad Lines, 1860
R
a
i
l
Financing the War
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North
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Borrow Money- (most)
($2.6 Billion)
Bonds ($400 million)
Print Money-Causes
inflation
Levying Taxes
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Income Taxes
Taxes on goods
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South
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Borrow Money- Bonds
Print Money-Causes
inflation
Taxes
Cotton export
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Union had only 16,000
2 million
served in
Union
Army
Most
Volunteered
Troops in 1861
Enrolment Act
=Draft
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1863- Volunteers for the
Army decrease drastically
War is bloody and tens
of thousands die
Union passes and
enforces a draft lawRaise troops for the war
46,000 conscripted
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“A Poor Man’s War”
People drafted could hire
substitutes or pay a $300
fee to be released
Draft law causes
tremendous resistance
especially in New York City
Irish Immigrants riot 4 days
July 1863
Racial overtones
NYC Democratic City
Some wanted to secede
from the Union and even
make it a neutral city
Lincoln and Civil Liberties
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1862- as the war goes badly
for the North
Lincoln uses executive power
to remove criticism and
insure order
Executive order of war
powers suspends Habeas
Corpus Due process= rights
to a trial
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Authorizes arrests of AntiWar Protestors
Anyone associated with
“Disloyal Practices”
Especially in Border States
Arrested 13,000 people
Example= “Copperheads”
Peace Democrats
 Northerners who were
against the war
Example- Northern Civil Liberties
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Copperhead Congressman Clement
Valldingham
Ohio politician
Arrested and denied Habeas Corpus
Opposed the war, arrested and then deported to
the CSA
Good Link
Ex parte Merriman and Ex parte Milligan
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Northern Strategy
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Lincoln: Saw that the North should win by resource
power
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Saw the key to victory = Destruction of the CSA Armies
(not the conquest of territory)
Isolate the South from trade
Squeeze the South into Submission
Large scale invasion of Southern Territory
1862 Concept of Total War- “There is no hope for
reconciliation”
“We must conquer the Rebels or be conquered by
them.”
Course of the War (Map)
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Statistics of Battles
Timeline of Civil (War Link)
April 1861 Fort Sumter
April 17, Virginia Secedes
1861 Blockade
July 1st First Bull Run/Manassas (CSA Victory)
McClellan Appointed General in Chief USA
November 1861 Trent Affair
1861 Confiscation Act addresses slaves that come
under the power of the Union forces “All slaves used
for insurrection purposes would be considered freed .”
1862
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Stalemate in the East
Movement and progress for the Union in the WEST
Feb 25 Nashville Falls to Union
March 9 Monitor and Merrimac (CSS Virginia) fight
(Ironclad Ships)
April 9 Battle of Shiloh (TN) Grant US Victory 23,746
killed (US 63,000 KIA 13,000) (CS 40,000 KIA 11,000)
May Peninsula Campaign Begun US attacks South
trying to take Richmond
April 25 New Orleans Falls to Admiral Farragut US
Victory
1862
continued
May “Stonewall Jackson” defeats US in Shenandoah Valley; US
troops rush to protect Washington DC. (CS Victory)
 May 31 Seven Pines Battle (on Peninsula) US vs Lee (CS
Victory)
 July 2 Seven Days Battle, Lee wins Peninsula Campaign (CS
Victory)
 July 10 McClellan removed from top spot in US Army, General
Halleck appointed commander US forces
 August 2nd Bull Run/Manassas Pope defeated (CS victory)
 Sept Army of Northern Virginia (Lee’s Army) Marches North to
Maryland
 Sept 17 Bloodiest single day of the war
 Battle of Antietam- Lee invades and is met at town of
Sharpsburg, 2, 108 Union KIA, 9,549 wounded
 CSA 2,700 KIA, 9,024 wounded (US victory)
 December 11-15 Fredericksburg, 13,000 US casualties, 5,000 CS
casualties (CS victory)
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Progress of war
War in the East: 1861-1862
The War
in
the East
McClellan quote
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After being demoted by Lincoln and Stanton the
Secretary of War
He had “lost all regard and respect for the
administration and doubted the propriety of my brave
men’s blood being shed to further the designs of such a
set of heartless villains.”
Regarding Hallek “vented his anger at serving under an
officer ‘whom I know to be my inferior.
As for Stanton, he was a “deformed hypocrite &
villain…if he had lived in the time of the Savior, Judas
Iscariot would have remained a respected member of the
fraternity of Apostles.”
Foreign Affairs
North
Wanted no foreign
intervention
South
Wanted recognition from
foreign governmentsBritain or France
Wanted intervention from
British
“Wa sn’t tha t Jeff Da vi s?”
“Ye s, I bel ieve I’m g oing to have to recogn ize
hi m so on.”
1863 (Link)
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January Emancipation Proclamation
March First Conscription Act Passed
April 27 – May 1 Chancellorsville
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May 10 Stonewall Jackson dies
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Lee defeats US Hooker by splitting his forces and attacks in 3 places
(CSA Victory)
Lee loses his best General
July Vicksburg falls (Grant) to Union forces, Mississippi is
controlled by US.
July 1-3 Gettysburg
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Lee invades Pennsylvania trying to gain recognition of England and
France
Terrible Battle 90,000 US vs 75000 CSA
Lee loses 1/3 of his army and can not get them back (28,000)
Meade does not continue the attack and Lee retreats back to VA and is
able to continue the fight. (lost 23,000)
1863 Continued Link
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September 19-20 (WEST) Battle of Chickamauga TN
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November 19, Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln refocuses the struggle “A new birth of freedom.”
November 23-25 Battle of Chattanooga
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CS Victory CS 70,000 vs US 56,000
Casualties CS 18, 454 US 16,179
Grant Drives CS out of Tennessee
December Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan announced
Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a
new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or
any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met
on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can
not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to
the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining
before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this
nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that
government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.
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African Americans
and the Union
Army
186,000 serve in Union
Army, Navy, and
laborers
Most blacks served in
support/labor
54th Massachusetts, Capt.
Robert Gould Shaw
Blacks captured were
returned to slavery or
killed.
Confiscation Acts
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May 1861- Law that allowed Union forces to seize
enemy material and property of rebellious states and
citizens for the war effort.
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Property included slaves
Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for the war
effort
1862 2nd Confiscation Act
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Declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the
rebellion
Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as soldiers
1863
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January Emancipation Proclamation signed
Lincoln was pressured to create a policy regarding
slaves in the rebellious states.
 Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to address
Slaves that come under the jurisdiction of Union
forces.
 After the victory of Antietam he was persuaded to
try and weaken the Confederacy
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Executive order of the President
Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states (except those
already under Union control- TN, West VA, Southern
Louisiana)
Stated as of January 1, 1863
“I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves
within said designated States and parts of States are,
and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive
government of the United States, including the military
and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and
maintain the freedom of said persons.”
Significance of Emancipation
Proclamation
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The war was expanded to end Slavery
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Allowed for the recruitment and use of Blacks
into the Union Army
Did not address slavery in Border States of
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, or Delaware
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Radical Republicans Review
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“Free every slave-slay every
traitor-burn every rebel
mansion, if these things be
necessary to preserve this
temple of freedom. We must
treat this war as a radical
revolution, and remodel our
institutions.”
Radical Republicans
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Thaddeus Stevens (Rep PA)
Charles Sumner (Senator MA)
Benjamin Wade (Senator OH)
1864
Link
January- Grant appointed Commander of US forces
and has new plan
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May 5-7 (East) Battle of Wilderness (CSA Victory)
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He has now lots of troops ready to fight with many
veterans.
Attack South through Georgia (Sherman)
Attack due South from DC to Richmond and keep up
relentless pressure.
US 115,000 vs CS 73,000
Casualties US 55,000 CS 31,000
May 8-12 (East) Battle of Spotsylvania (Union
Victory)
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5 day battle, Grant doesn’t wait to attack Lee after
Wilderness
Casualties US 18,000 CS 12,000
1864
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June 1-3 (East) Battle of Cold Harbor (CSA Victory)
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June (East) (US) Siege of Petersburg begins (getting
close to Richmond)
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Key RR transport and supply for Richmond
Grant still pushing Lee
June Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (GA) (CSA Victory)
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Grant still pushing South after Lee, Grant loses 7,000 in 20
minutes
CS 62,000 vs US 108,000
Casualties CS 2,500 US 12,000
Sherman attacking South from TN
US 90,000 vs CS 60,000
July Crater at Petersburg link
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Union miners dig under city fortifications and blow up tons
of explosives and rush in to be slaughtered.
1864
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September – December Sherman’s March to the Sea
September 2 Battle of Atlanta (US Victory)
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November Lincoln Re-elected President
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Sherman conquers and burns Atlanta
Begins “March to the Sea” = Savannah GA
Johnson VP (Democrat from TN) on the Union Ticket
December Sherman reaches Savannah (Union Victory)
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Leaves devastation of 60 miles wide swath
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Nov. 1864-Dec. 1864
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Sherman marches through Georgia perpetrating
massive destruction in an effort to break the will
of the South
“I can make the march and make Georgia
howl!”
“We cannot change the hearts of those people
of the South, but we can make war so terrible
and make them so sick of war that generations
would pass away before they would again appeal
to it.”
Pictures of Sherman
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Civil War Pictures
http://www.wildwestwe
b.net/cwleaders/cwleade
rs.html
Election of 1864
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Election in which the candidates
were George McClellan and
Abraham Lincoln
George McClellan was a “Peace
Democrat” or Copperhead and
he wanted to negotiate a
compromise with the South.
Abraham Lincoln and the
Republicans campaigned for
continuation of the War until the
South surrendered unconditionally

Sherman’s Victory in Atlanta
saves Lincoln’s reelection
and the Union
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Lincoln won with an astounding
55% of the popular vote
Electio
n 1864
Presidential
Election of
1864
1865
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March Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speech
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March Freedmen’s Bureau Established
April Petersburg Falls
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Richmond is cot off from supplies
April 9 Appomattox Court House
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Promises Leniency
Lee Surrenders to Grant
April 14 Lincoln is Shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies
April 15 Andrew Johnson is the 17th President.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural

“Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this
mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet,
if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled
by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of
unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of
blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another
drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand
years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of
the Lord are true and righteous altogether."

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall
have borne the battle and for his widow and his
orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a
just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all
nations
What
messages is
Lincoln
sending to
the people
of America
with this
speech?
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
April 9, 1865

Grant takes Richmond
and no hope is left for
the South.
Casualties on Both Sides
Cas
ualt
ies
bot
h
side
s
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Casualties compared to other wars
Northern/Republican Economic
Measures Passed During War.
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Homestead Act 1862
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Live on it for 5yrs
160 acres of public land
Purchased for small fee
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Morrill Land Grant Act
1862
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Public land toe state gov
States sell land
Use $ for public
Education = colleges and
universities
Tariff
Transcontinental
Railroad
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Union Pacific West
from Omaha, NA
Central Pacific East
from CA
New National Bank
Reconstruction Quiz

How do you think the South should be treated
after the war?
What should happen politically?
 What should happen to the leaders?
 What should happen to the former slaves?

Southern
Attitudes
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I’m a Good Old Rebel
Oh, I'm a good old Rebel
Now that's just what I am.
For this Yankee nation
I do not give a damn.
I'm glad I fought agin her,
I only wish we'd won.
I ain't asked any pardon
For anything I've done.
I hates the yankee nation
And everything they do,
I hates the declaration
Of independence, too;
I hates the glorious union’tis dripping with our bloodAnd I hates their striped banner,
I fought it all I could.
I rode with Robert E. Lee,
For three years, thereabouts.
Got wounded in four places
And starved at Point Lookout.
I caughts the rheumatism
A-camping in the snow.
But I killed a chance of Yankees
And I'd like to kill some mo'.
Three hundred thousand Yankees
Lie still in Southern dust
We got three hundred thousand
Before they conquered us.
They died of Southern fever
And Southern steel and shot.
I wish they were three millions
Instead of what we got.
I can't take up my musket
And fight 'em now no more,
But I ain't going to love 'em,
Now that is certain sure;

I don't want no pardon
For what I was and am,
I won't be reconstructed
And I do not give a damn.
Reconstruction: Need to Know
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Presidential plans: Lincoln and Johnson
Radical (congressional) plans
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Civil rights and the Fourteenth Amendment
Military reconstruction
Impeachment of Johnson
African American suffrage: the Fifteenth Amendment
Southern state governments: problems, achievements,
weaknesses
Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction
Reconstruction Essay

Analyze the goals and strategies of Reconstruction of
Two of the following:
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President Lincoln
President Johnson
Congressional Republicans
Thesis: President Lincoln and President Johnson’s
approach to reconstruction provided for lenient
reintroduction of Southern states into the Union while,
conversely Congressional Republicans wanted to only
reintroduce the Southern states under strict conditions.
Reconstruction Defined


Reconstruction: is the process used to bring the
South back into the political Union.
Presidential Reconstruction- Lincoln/Johnson
Plans

Radical Reconstruction

End of Reconstruction
Each Plan Answered These
Questions
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How will the rebellious states participate in
government?
What terms will they reenter the Union?
What will happen to the Black Population
What should happen to the Confederate leaders?
Reconstruction Begins Before War
Ends
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13th Amendment
Before the War was over January 1865,
Congress submitted to the states for ratification:
Section 1. “Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
Ratification was complete December 1865
Presidential Plans: Lincoln
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Beginning with the 2nd
Inaugural, “Malice toward
none, charity for all…”
Lincoln previews his plan to
bring sister states of the
south back into the
community of states.
Goal of easy reintroduction
to Union
Strategy of Leniency
No provisions for Freedmen

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Issues a Proclamation of
Amnesty and
Reconstruction
Spelled out terms for state to
rejoin union

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Ten Percent Plan:
Full pardon for Confederates
Restore all property
Loyalty Oath Required
Accept Abolition
When 10% of the eligible
voters take Oath- State can
reenter the union, send Reps
to Congress.
Lincoln’s Plan continued

Suffrage for blacks who:
Were educated
 Held property
 Fought in the Union Army


LA, ARK, Tennessee all come into Union under
Lincoln’s plans
Congressional Reaction to Lincoln’s
Plan
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Congressional Republicans did not like Lincoln’s Plan
Too Lenient on the “Rebels”
Need more punitive (punish) components
Wanted more support for “Freedmen”
Responded with the Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864)
A set of extreme requirements included:
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President Appointed Provisional Governor for former CS states
Majority of Confederates had to take oaths
Conventions had to be developed to approve new state constitutions
Disenfranchise Former CSA civil and Military leaders
Repudiate CSA debts
New state constitutions had to ban Slavery and hold political rights to
blacks
Lincoln uses the Pocket Veto to veto.
(Pocket Veto is where the president ignores bill to kill it)
President Johnson

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Lincoln is
Assassinated
Johnson Sworn in as
President
Johnson was doomed,
could not work with
Republican Congress
He was a Democrat
Elected under a Unity
Platform (Republicans
and Dems create a
coalition ticket
election 1864)

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From Tennessee, A Southerner
Self-Made Man
Didn’t like the rich leadership of
the South
Stubborn, Intolerant
Reluctant to Compromise, Racist
Republicans thought he would
punish the south
“Treason is a crime that must be
made odious… Traitors must be
impoverished, They must not
only be impoverished but their
social power must be destroyed.”
Johnson
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Personality
Intemperate
Tactless
Resentful
Insecure
Hostile to freed slaves
“White men alone must
manage the South”
Presidential Plans: Johnson similar
to Wade-Davis Bill

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Goal to bring the South back
into the Union fast- but limit
the rich
Strategy: Oaths, leniency,
limit power of wealthy
Issued Proclamations:
Amnesty and restoration of
property rights for all who
took oath of loyalty to Union
and emancipation, 51% of
eligible voters
Confederate officials-and
wealthy confederates with
property of $20,000 or were
ineligible or could apply
individually to president.
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15,000 applied to Johnson for
pardons
“I am so sorry---please forgive
me. Please restore my rights!”
Appoint Provisional Governors
Constitutional conventions were to be held
Slavery was to be outlawed
Nullify acts of secession
Repudiate all debts of the Confederacy
Results:
Southern governments followed the
process- however a number states
refused to recognize 13th Amendment

Former confederate leaders where
appointed and elected to power
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Black Codes were developed to limit
former slaves.
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All of these measures angered the
Republican Congress and they acted to end
force the South to comply
Congress Reacts to Johnson Plan
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End of 1865 all seceded states had
new Govs
Radical Republicans – were angry
newly loyal states send prominent
Confederates to Congress
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Stephens (former VP of CSA)
After investigation- Congress
found that the “Freedmen” were
not being treated fairly
Black Codes- state laws limiting
former slaves
Fines for vagrancy
Force blacks to work on
plantations

December 1865 Congress Created
its own plan for Reconstruction
Freedmen’s Bureau, a Federal
support organization was
extended- helped former slaves
with education, food, settling labor
disputes, and even helping poor
whites. (renewed)
Republican Congress wanted
protection for freedmen, they
wanted to change the culture of the
South, including Black Suffrage
and land redistribution

Create Joint Committee
on Reconstruction
Congress Reacts to Johnson
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Civil Rights Act 1866
Pass Funding Bill for
Freedman’s Bureau
Also declares blacks citizens
Authorizes Federal Power to
intervene in States to protect
rights.

Johnson Vetoes bills in
1866.
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Republicans unite against
Johnson and mobilize
th
14
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Amendment
14th Amendment Passed
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Aimed at supporting African Americans
Overturned Dredd Scott decision- Former slaves are now
citizens
Defined citizenship = born in US and naturalized citizens
Equal protection under the laws = Citizens are granted
“Privileges and Immunities guaranteed by constitution”
Penalties for denying rights
Reinforced due process
Federal Government can intervene to protect equal treatment
under the law
Prohibited former CSA from holding office, unless 2/3rds
congress consented
th
14
Amendment

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state
wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall
any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military,
under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an
oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a
member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any
state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged
in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort
to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
House, remove such disability. (limits former Confederates from holding
office)
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article.

“Radical” or Congressional
Reconstruction begins 1867
Republicans Win Congressional Election of 1866- more
Senate 42 (Radical GOP) to 11 Dem
House143 (Radical GOP) to 49 Dem
 Reconstruction Act 1867- Passed over Johnson’s veto
 Goals:
 To support Freedmen
 To punish the Southern leadership for the War
 To reorder Southern society so African Americans had
a chance to change the culture of the South

Leaders of the Radical Republicans
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Thaddeus Stevens Republican Majority
Leader
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Charles Sumner- Republican Senator
Pro-Equality
“Strip a proud nobility off their bloated
states; reduce them to a level with plain
Republicans; send them forth to labor and
teach their children to enter the workshops
or handle the plow and you will thus
humble the proud traitors.”
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Stevens
Sumner
“Radical” or Congressional
Reconstruction 1867
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Radical bills passed over Veto
1868 Tennessee Admitted immediately
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5 Military Districts created the South
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Congress rejected Lincoln-Johnson reconstructed states
Enforce order to register qualified voters
All adult black males
White males not in the rebellion
New State Constitutions- insure black suffrage
States had to ratify new states had to ratify 13 and 14th amendments
Tenure of Office Act: (an effort to remove the president as an
obstacle to reconstruction efforts)
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Limits President from removing cabinet officers without Senate approval
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Command of Army Act- Prohibits the president from issuing military orders
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Process for states to enter Union:
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New State Constitutional Conventions
Ratify 14th Amendment
New State Constitutions must include Black Suffrage
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
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Northerners who moved South to exploit the
poor whites and aid the blacks
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Southerners who worked with the
Reconstruction forces for greedy purposes
th
15
Amendment

African American Males 21 years old, get the Right to Vote

Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
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At first Blacks will vote, but as time goes on State laws and
intimidation (KKK) suppress the black vote- literacy tests and
Poll taxes
Southern State Governments:
problems, achievements, weaknesses
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Positive
Many blacks participate early
First black Senator elected,
Hiram Revels, Mississippi
Freedmen’s Bureau helps a
lot
Blacks gain some economic
mobility
Congress tries to help with
Enforcement Acts- to repress
the KKK and help protect
blacks
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Negative
KKK develops to terrorize
blacks
Redeemers- Southern
Democrats want to remove
republican governors in the
South and restore traditional
Southern leadership
Segregation develops
Old Southern leadership
regains power and
reconstruction seems to be a
complete failure.
New “Republican” Southern
Governments
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10 States in south
Black majorities
South Carolina (pop)
 Mississippi (pop)
 Louisiana (pop)
 Alabama – (voters but not pop)
 Florida (voters but not pop)
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Republicans maintained control with some
Southern Whites
Freedmen Asserting Rights and
Culture
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“We claim exactly the same rights privileges and
immunities as are enjoyed by white men; we ask
nothing more and will be content with nothing less.”
Black Churches Established
Blacks Held public offices
20 blacks in House of Reps
2 Senators Hiram Revels and Bruce (Mississippi)
Blacks had large say in state legislators
Freedmen's Bureau established 4000 schools
Johnson Impeachment
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Johnson had tried to obstruct Radical
Reconstruction
He appointed sympathetic military leaders to supervise
the South
He encouraged Southerners to resist Federal law
Resisted the racial equality insisted by Congress
House Republicans were waiting for an excuse-Johnson
gave them one when he removed Secretary of War
Stanton from office. (Tenure of Office Act)
The House passed Impeachment Act with a 2/3 vote
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Johnson not removed
from office.
Not convicted in the
Senate
35 to 19 is not 2/3ds
1 vote
Grant Administration 1868
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Election 1868 US Grant nominated by
Republicans500,000 Black voters make a difference
Corruption
Clumsey, ineffectual,
Relied on party leaders- patronage and the spoils
systems
No reform
Grant Scandals
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Credit Mobilier- RR scandal and Bribery
Economic problems= Greenbacks vs Hard
Currency
Life in the South
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Devastated economically- (Sherman)
“In Alabama alone, two hundred thousand
persons are in danger of extreme suffering, if
not of actual starvation” December 1865
African American Life
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Immediately after war
trends develop for
African Americans
Many moved from
plantations
Reunited with family
Institutions created
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Schools
Churches
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Sharecropping
Develops
Freedmen plant and
work plots of land in
exchange for a % of the
crop that goes to the
owner.
Keeps blacks poor and
in perpetual debt
Southerners Create Black Codes
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Black Codes were laws created to limit political,
economic and social aspects of life for former slaves
Contracts for labor
Employment laws
Licenses to work
Travel limitations
Segregation
Race mixing laws
All laws were used to limit blacks so they would be
second-class citizens
KKK 1866
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Responding to new social circumstances
Former Confederates- (Nathan Bedford
Forrest) form Ku Klux Klan
To terrorize and enforce traditional
subordination of African Americans
Compromise of 1877
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Election of 1876
Repubs = Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio “His Fraudulency”
Dems = Samuel J. Tilden, New York
In the middle of an Economic Depression
Corruption on both sides, deadlock in electoral college
Commission, decision agreed upon, Hayes wins the Presidencyalthough no evidence, seem there was a deal to withdrawal
Federal troops from the rest of the South.
Redeemer governments would take over (all Democrats) and
the South would continue in the Democratic party structure till
the 1960’s
Resulted in the End of Reconstruction
“Nast” Cartoon
http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog12/feature/
New South
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Redeemers
New South Creed
Romanticization of the South
Crop Lien System
Booker T. Washington
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Atlanta Compromise
Up from slavery
Tuskegee Institute (AL)
Plessey V. Ferguson
Jim Crowe Laws
Grandfather Laws/Clause
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
Lynching
Ida B Wells