Transcript Civil War Players PPt. 2016

Civil War Players/Heroes?
People who helped bring on
and shape the outcome of
the war.
Quick Review…
Early Contributors/Causes of our Civil War!
• Study and Learn more about the following:
• In review we can only scratch the surface…study!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nat Turner?
Denmark Vessey
Missouri Compromise?
Issue over Texas and California statehood
Compromise 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Dred Scott Decision
Stephen Douglass
Popular Sovereignty
Frederick Douglas
Harriet Tubman
John Brown
Tariff of Abominations
Compromise Tariff
Compromise of 1850
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Nullification
Secession
State’s Rights
Sectionalism
Election of 1860
Gradualist vs. Radical Abolitionists

Study advantages of North vs. South and note players/outcomes in battles too!
Lincoln is elected Pres. 0f USA 1860!
South Secedes… Selects a President too!
• As war looms – 2 Presidents take office
USA – Abe Lincoln
What do we know of each?
CSA – Jefferson Davis
Which side has the greater
cause for fighting?
• Union Cause
Southern Cause
• What was the real cause of the war?
• How will time play a role?
• Which side will “time” favor?
The Better “War President”
Lincoln…why?
• He was tenacious
• He educated himself
• He used the industrial
might of the North!
• He stretched the powers
of the presidency
•
•
Imposed Martial Law
Denied citizens the
Writ of Habeas Corpus
•
•
Seized control of the railroads
Used the telegraph as never before!
Where does the Civil
War Begin… April 12th?
• Confederates bombing or Fort Sumter!
The student, Beauregard now bombs his former teacher… Anderson!
Lincoln now seeks out someone to
command the Army of the Potomac…
• His 1st Choice…
• He turns down the
this career making
offer…why?
Sadly, this decision
will prolong the war!
&
Bring Greater devastation to the South! Why!
War Strategies Develop…
• Union Plan – Anaconda Plan – 4 Parts
1. Blockade South
2. Seize Richmond
{Peninsular Campaign}
3. Control Miss. River
which Splits CSA
{Gen. Grant}
4. March east through
Tenn. – then East
through Georgia
{Sherman’s March…}
CSA’s War Strategy…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fight Defensively
Drag out war
Wear down morale
Seek allies
Hope for new election …
Union Commanders!
I learned not to trust my untrained
men at Bull Run. Who Am I?
I wish I stood like
a stonewall!
Bull Run Victors!
• I also won at
Fort Sumter
Big deaI… I was the
hero of Bull Run?
Peninsular Campaign
I train men…
to retreat?
I got wounded
and replaced
I took over
command of Army
of N. Virginia
Naval Warfare… A “Draw”
Will change Naval Warfare Forever…
The Battle of Hampton Roads…
“The Clash of the Ironclads”
CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor
Winner? Loser? Importance?
“Why didn’t you use the
bigger ammo as suggested?”
John Ericsson
Swedish Immigrant
A Confederate Merchant Raider
It too had innovations…
• CSS Alabama
•
Built in England?
kept a secret…
• Steam and sail powered
• Removable Propeller
• Sunk off coast of France
Confederate Submarine?
• CSS Hunley –
•
•
•
•
built in Mobile, Alabama in 1863
Sank twice during sea trials
Had a crew of 8 men to crank a propeller
Used a spar to place a charge on the enemy ship
Feb. 1864 – it successfully sinks the USS Housatonic – A ship on blockade
duty near Charleston, SC. – sunk by a lucky shot.
For the story - Go to You Tube/ Epic Scan/ Archaeology/ CSS HL Hunley
Antietam/Sharpsburg!!!
• Bloodiest single day of battle! 23,000 casualties!
•
•
•
Topography played a role in the slaughter! Gently rolling hills would serve to
permit a obscured frontal attack!
McClellan for once put his army to the fight
Lee’s hope/plans
not realized?
Photo
“ The Bloody Lane”
Where Confederates
got caught in a
crossfire from a
regiment of mostly
Irish soldiers using…
Shotgun like
weapons
Lincoln’s Woes Continue!
• Who can command his army?
Battle of
Bull Run?
Seven Days Battle
Pen. Campaign?
Battle of
2nd Bull Run?
Who will save the Union?
Well, yes and no?
Battle of
Antietam?
Battle of
Battle of
Fredericksburg? Chancellorsville?
Lee decides to push his luck!
Why not?
• His Army of Northern Virginia was
seemingly unbeatable!
• The Army of the Potomac lacked
leadership! Was reeling!
• Lee still believed the war could end
quickly if the North would realize it
was not going to easily win
• Still held out hope of British
intervention and recognition
• Needed supplies for his army
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3 1863
Day 1
Skirmishes + taking of
Strategic positions
Day 2
Flanking Maneuvers
Day 3
Frontal Assault/
Retreat
Gettysburg…Lee’s Blunder?
For the North?
For the South?
Keys to Union Success!
Day 1: Meade sacrifices Gettysburg but instead Obeys Rule 1 of Warfare!
Day 2 : A
rogue officer almost cost the Union the battle and the war!
Culp’s Hill Withstands Attacks
Little Round Top Holds!
Day 3: Lee’s Artillery Issues
Gen. James Longstreet…Guilty of Insubordination and perhaps more?
Pickett’s Charge – Doomed!
1. Ability to digest battle-adjust-redeploy men hindered by distance?
2. Both smoke and geo/acoustical issues created problems
3. Meade’s Blunder?
A Rogue – Nearly Loses It All!
• Union - Gen. Dan Sickles
•
Murderer who was 1st to
use “Not Guilty by reason
of Temporary Insanity”
•
Glory Hound!
• Got commissioned due to
wealth not military training
•
Will Advance his regiment
forward – against orders to
hold his position on the line!
•
•
8000 Union reinforcements from Culp’s Hill will fill the gap
But in doing so…what happens to Culp’s Hill?
Culp’s Hill – Mystery…
• Why did Confederates charge
straight between two hills?
• Had Culp’s Hill fallen – Union Defenses Crumble!
Hero of Little Round Top!
• Gen. Joshua Chamberlain!
Twice targeted by an Alabama sniper
who chose not to fire. He later
sent Chamberlain a letter telling
him so and that he was glad he
had not shot him.
Chamberlain did suffer 2 small wounds
was awarded the “Medal of Honor”
Later in the war…Chamberlain would
serve and suffer:
Suffer crippling malaria, a near fatal wound to the groin –
yet he fought on until passing out from blood loss and was promoted to
Brig. General. and was honored by presiding over the surrender of Lee’s army
at Appomattox Court House.
He ordered his men to stand silent and at attention…to honor those defeat. he
faced criticism from his peers and praise from the enemy as on of the “Knightliest” of
officers among the Union Army.
Views of Gettysburg…
The Rocks of Devil’s Den and a fallen soldier!
• What seemed a natural location for
soldiers to stay hidden in reality became a
trap where soldiers became pinned down!
View of Little Round Top-From Devil’s
Den… Could you charge up that hill?
• Now do you see the importance of
Geography in shaping a battle!
View From Little Round Top…
• Remember…Rule # 1 of warfare - always seize…
• What advantages exist for those on Big Round Top?
View from Little Round Top…
View looking Up
Charge?
Looking Down
Hold your ground!?
 Little Round Top was key to keeping he Union Line intact and provided
cover to the defenders on Big Round Top!
 It also protected the Union Flank or the back of the lines!
Day Two-at Twilight…
Ewell fails in taking Culp’s Hill
It was within his grasp!
If Ewell succeeds… what happens
to Meade’s position?
A mystery existed…
Why didn’t Ewell just
go around the hill to the
South of Slocum?
Answer geography?
Not shown on the map…
A farmer had made a pond
and the creek widens!
Had gotten to top but withdrew due
To darkness- did not know!
Day 3 – Gettysburg – July 3rd,1863
Lee Goes for Broke!
1. The evening of Day 2 - Robert E. Lee
decides only one strategy remains…
A frontal assault on Union lines
Gen. Longstreet tried to talk Lee out
of this strategy – but was strongly rebuked
by Lee in anger at his impertinence.
2. J.E.B Stuart was ordered south to go
around Kilpatrick and to then
try and attack the Union flank and to
then attack Meade’s rear position
George Custer however cuts him off
with great courage in a cavalry battle
3. Gen. Pickett is then ordered to attack
the Union center line against very heavy
Union defenses – his men/regiment gets
slaughtered!
Lee suffers a major defeat – the Army of
Northern Virginia will never be the same.
Meanwhile…”The Butcher” Grant wins
a huge battle at Vicksburg!
• Significance-re: Anaconda Plan?
Success came only after a long bloody
siege that forced horrible deprivations
upon the fighting and civilian populations!
Hey, it may not be pretty but I win!
The inhabitants suffered many kinds of deprivations.
People suffered hunger, starvation and constant
bombardment from land and river! Civilians took to living
in caves, eating anything, rats, snakes, mice and…
even bloody bandages.
The Siege of Vicksburg… Grant is
relentless and attacks by land and river
•
•
With this victory, the Anaconda Plan is now nearing its completion.
Grant is later appointed to take command of the Army of the Potomac
Warfare on the Rivers…
• Note the varied types of gunboats
Gen. Lee Goes on the defensive…for the
remainder of the war! Lee Defends
Richmond! But… Sherman has orders from
Gen. Grant- March from Chattanooga and
finish off Atlanta!
•
“Sherman’s March” on Atlanta was an example of Total War - war of total devastation!
Make them understand real suffering,
So men…please forage “liberally”
“War is hell”
Sherman’s Destruction was nearly
complete… and did not spare anyone!
For Sherman, It was not enough to simply tear up the rail
lines… He wanted to drive the point home!
Sherman’s Bowties
Grant’s Plan - Sherman’s March to the
Sea… is the very definition of “Total
War” How does it change the war?
•
•
Everything of values was either taken, destroyed rendered of
little use to the South…
Sherman’s is still looked upon as a villain to the South today!
Meanwhile...in the Shenandoah Valley
• Gen. Phillip Sheridan
• Is also stripping the valley of anything of value!
• Total War!
Grant is Relentless!
His efforts wore down General Lee’s Army of
Northern Virginia!
•
Cold Harbor
•
The Wilderness
•
Petersburg
•
Richmond
Bloody Petersburg!
•
All efforts were designed to wear down and pen in the wise old
fox! Lee would indeed be hounded!
Battles grew more horrific
as the war progressed?
Why?
•
•
•
•
Revenge?
Levels of training improved!
Levels of experience/troops became battle hardened!
Mastery of new weapons and new more lethal weapons?
As Examples…
•
•
•
•
•

Large caliber weapons
Rifled barrels/ammunition of all sizes
New/larger more accurate cannons
More deadly at distance rifles
Gatlin Guns
Old and outdated battle tactics against new and more lethal
weapons!
New Weapons-More Deadly
Combined with out-dated tactics
On the Home Fronts:
• Women Contributed Greatly!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nurses
Spies
Messengers
Soldiers
Ran homes
Ran plantations
Cared for families
Raised funds for war
Mended uniforms
Cared for wounded
Francis Clayton
Both Governments struggle to
fund the war!
South
Confederate Dollars
Became nearly worthless
North
Greenbacks!
Diminished in value to = 39cents
Both North and South
resorted to the “Draft’
• South
North
• Wealthy could
buy their way out
Made little use of
Of slaves or free blacks
resulted in riots
in Boston and NY
made entire regiments
of free blacks
ex. 54th Massachusetts
needlessly sacrificed at Fort Wagner
Battle of Fort Wagner
54th Regiment
The chargeAlthough brave,
Never really had
any chance of
success.
•
Finally…Surrender at
Appomattox Courthouse!
Grant first lays siege to and captures Petersburg.
He then sets his sights on Richmond.
With his men near complete
exhaustion and armies closing
in on his position…Lee decides
to surrender rather than prolong
the suffering of his army, on
Richmond and of Virginia…
The remainder of the southern
combatants surrender in the
days/weeks to come.
Civil War is over!
Joshua Chamberlain presided over
The passing of the armies-he was
praised by his enemy as “among the
Knightliest of Union officers” but
criticized by the Union for displaying honor to the beaten but not defeated enemy
Lincoln Wins 2nd Term 1864
His 2nd Inaugural Speech is remarkable!
Lincoln’s Vision… was mentioned in his 2nd Inaugural Address…
•
•
Cause of the war?
Blame for the war?
•
His Vision for Peace?
“With malice toward none;
with charity for all;
To bind up the nation’s wounds,
to care for him who shall have
borne the battle,
and for his widow and his orphan,
To do all which may achieve a just
and lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.”
So what do you think was Lincoln’s view for Reconstruction?
Why was it not to be?
The Assassination – Radicalized Congress!
What had the office of President done to
Lincoln during the course of 4 years?
Before/Nov. 1860
Late in his term
Congress enacted legislation
as sweet revenge!
Against insurrectionists
The law was signed in June of 1862
The law required that officers who fought for
the South to pay their federal taxes in person…
none could and so the lands were sold at
auction…
Do you know this location?
• During the war…..
• Hundreds of freed slaves lived on the grounds
• Soldiers occupied it too
Today it looks like this… Where is it?
Bought at auction by the government – well below
market value…
and the grounds?
You must appreciate the irony…
Behold, Robert E. Lee’s property…ironic
An evening at Ford’s Theater … for a
viewing of “Our American Cousin”
• Lincoln had experienced premonitions of
his death…
• John Wilkes Booth had visions for the South’s
salvation…
Of course Lincoln would never complete
his second term in office! Assassins
would conspire to cripple the government!
Primary Targets!
In descending Order of importance…
“Sic Semper Tyrannis…the
South is avenged!”
Chief Conspirators…
•
•
The Actor!
JWB
Chief schemer
The Accomplice!
David Herold
fled with Booth
John Wilkes Booth would be shot
In the neck and paralyzed before
dying
Mary Surratt
Inn owner
The Assassin of
Sec. State Seward
knew of the plot
John T. Powell
The rest will be hanged!
The long journey home to Springfield…
• The route of Lincoln’s funerary procession home
The hanging of the
plotters and assassins!
The Unwitting Aid? Another last Victim?
Dr Mudd
Went to prison for
aiding J.W. Booth and
he helped control an
epidemic while held
captive there.
and his home where
he treated J.W. Booth
His home where his family was present
He only found out the next day of Lincoln’s
death at the hands of his injured “guest”
Civil War Aftermath…
• Union Army
•
•
•
•
•
389, 753 killed
275, 175 wounded
211,411 POW’s
30,218 died in prison
15/.5% mortality rate
Confederate Army
289,000 killed
194,026 wounded
462,634 POW’s
25,976 died in prison
12% mortality rate
Deaths came from ways other than direct warfare!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
224,000 Disease
4.114 Accidents
4,944 drowned
520 murdered
104 killed after capture
391 suicides
267 executed by Fed. Authorities
64 executed by the enemy
313 sunstroke
2,043 other causes
12, 121 cause not stated
164,000 Disease
POW’s Faced Horrific Conditions…
• The POW camps were in truth
“Concentration Camps”
• Some of those camps include:
Union
Alton Prison
Camp Chase
Camp Douglas
Camp Randall
Confederate
Castle Pinkney
Belle Isle
Cahaba Prison
Camp Ford
Among the absolute worst!
 Elmira
Andersonville
Visions of Horror…
• Prisoners in the camps faced…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hunger and starvation
Diseases
Beatings
Shootings
Sleeping in tents all year
Standing in mud, sludge, sewage, human waste
Armed guards preventing escape
• Photos exist of the prisoners…but I won’t show you!
And Medicinal Practices?
The Legacy of War…
•
•
•
•
•
•
South’s Economy was obliterated
Slaves {now free} were homeless
Plantations/farms were destroyed
Infrastructure was destroyed
The South was occupied by Fed. Troops
Martial Law existed in Southern States
According to the noted historian/author
Shelby Foote, the war changed things…
He wrote:
“The Civil War” and works
on Shiloh and Gettysburg
The war changed how
people refer to the
United States…
Where once people commonly said “The United States
are…
Now it is said, “ The United States is…
So, what was changed by the outcome of the war?
Amendments Bring Changes...
13th - Passed Jan. 31st 1865
• Abolishes the institution of slavery
Radical Republicans Pass…
14th Amendment - June 13th 1866
• Protects the constitutional rights of
born or naturalized citizens
15th Amendment – Feb. 26th, 1869
• Guarantees voting rights to all citizens
but was targeted to help former slaves
Radical Republicans Impeach Pres.
Andrew Johnson… Why?
•
Johnson opposed the radical
actions being taken by the
Radical Republicans controlling
Congress
•
He vetoed many acts but
Republicans overrode his
vetoes
•
He fired military officials who
would impose the new laws
So…Radical Republicans impeach…
He wins by 1 vote in the Senate
35 Guilty 19 Not Guilty… 2/3 required to remove the President!
Reconstruction 1865 - 1875?
America Loses Its Chance to Get It Right
• While Under Martial Law – some changes come to the South
• Some African Americans were elected to Congress/Senate
•
•
•
•
•
A Freedman’s Bureau will assist the newly freed blacks/poor whites
New Schools
Jobs
Clothing
Other necessities
•
•
Free blacks will begin to own land and start their lives
Some will go west, help settle the west, found towns
But…
•
Amnesty Act permits white southerners to vote once again…
Guess who they will vote into office?
•
Racist Groups will form – to try + turn back the “hands of time”
Some Northerners Will Seek
Riches off the South’s Suffering…
Some Southerners will give aid to those Northerners…
• Carpetbaggers
Seen as “vultures”
+
Scalawags
Originally a term meaning “worthless livestock”
and consisted of Southern Republicans + anyone
who assisted the northern occupiers
Both terms were considered derogatory…
Things Begin to Go Wrong!
Nathan Bedford Forrest helps create the KKK…
It will use fear and intimidation to stop free blacks from voting
White Southerners will also prevent Free Blacks from voting…
•
•
Poll Taxes
Poll Tests
 As Free Blacks are intimidated out of voting… rights will erode!
•
•
•
•
Political enfranchisement will end
Economic opportunities will disappear
Land/business ownership opportunities will diminish
Free Blacks will resort to Tenant Farming and Sharecropping
A cycle of Poverty will begin that will continue for
generations… perhaps even up until today?
Reconstruction Ends…
Aborted Too Soon? Why?
• The Election of 1876… Not Again!
•
Note: Who won the popular vote + the electoral college voting?
•
•
How did the election affect Reconstruction?
Hayes makes a secret deal with southern conservatives…
And So… the Cycle of Poverty Continues…
& the Jim Crow South is Born
• 2 Societies form… “Separate + Equal?
•
•
•
•
•
Segregation – separate facilities, schools, etc.
Racism, Intimidation, Fear, Powerlessness
Impoverishment and Illiteracy
Political Disenfranchisement
Social/Economic Inequality
• All Approved by Supreme Court Decisions
of Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896
• We had a chance…
We lost the Peace!!!
Some may argue…
Things got worse and not better
Perhaps free in
name only…
Did Any Freed Slaves Find Freedom?
• The Exodusters Movement – note symbolism?
•
Founded by
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
–
Founded Nicodemus, Kansas
Exodusters leaving for points in Kansas
So…America Misses A
Golden Opportunity…
What would Lincoln have
thought?
What might he have done
had he lived?
Was all the loss and
suffering worth it?
When would change
really, finally come?
Last photo of Lincoln shat by Gardner…
Note the many flaws –yet note what it captures?