Transcript 24.4 Revolutions in the Arts

24.4 Revolutions in the Arts
Artistic and Intellectual movements
both reflect and fuel changes in Europe
during the 1800’s
Romantic Movement
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The Ideas of Romanticism
 Romanticism – Interest in nature, preferring
emotion, individuality
 Romanticism linked to folk traditions and
nationalism.
 Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas
that elevate reason as the ultimate reality,
and validated emotion as an authentic
experience of reality. Emotions of trepidation,
horror, terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.
Romantic Movement
 Romanticism
 Poetry,
in Literature
music, and painting are the
arts best suited to romanticism
 Many British romantic poets believe
nature is the source of beauty
British Romantic Poets
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William Wordsworth
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Lord Byron
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few
Other Poems
Don Juan
Prometheus Unbound (play)
"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"
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John Keats
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(not pictured)
"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a
Dream: A Fragment"
German writers
Germany’s Johann
Wolfgang von
Goethe is a great
early romanticist.
 28 August 1749 – 22
March 1832
 He wrote the play
Faust about a doctor
who sells his soul to
the devil to get
whatever he wants.
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German Writers
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Jakob and Wilhelm
Grimm, known as “The
Brothers Grimm”
popularized stories like:
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Rumpelstiltskin
Snow White
Rapunzel
Cinderella
Hansel and Gretel
The Frog Prince
French Romantics
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Victor Hugo
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Les Miserables
The Hunchback of
Notre Dame
Gothic Fiction
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Gothic horror
novels taking place
in medieval castles
become popular
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The Castle of Otranto
(1764) by Horace Walpole
is considered the first
gothic novel.
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Walpole built his English
villa Strawberry Hill in the
Gothic Revival style much
like a medieval castle.
Examples of Gothic Fiction
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The “penny dreadful” serialized
novels such as The String of
Pearls: A Romance (1846-47)
which debuts the character
Sweeney Todd: The Demon
Barber of Fleet Street.
“Penny dreadfuls” were the
precursors to pulp fiction and
the modern comic book.
Another popular penny
dreadful was Varney the
Vampire or The Feast of Blood
anonymously written for
publication (1845-47).
Examples of Gothic Fiction

Stories by Edgar Allen
Poe
“The Fall of the House
of Usher”
 “The Pit and the
Pendulum”
 “The Tell Tale Heart”
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Examples of Gothic Fiction
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The most well known
gothic novel is
Frankenstein by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley.
Composers Emphasize Emotion
Composers abandon Enlightenment style
of music
 Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from
Enlightenment to romanticism
 Some composers draw on literature or
cultural themes

Ludwig van Beethoven
baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26
March 1827
 He was a crucial figure in the
transitional period between the
Classical and Romantic eras in
Western classical music, and
remains one of the most
acclaimed and influential
composers of all time.
 Around 1796, Beethoven began
to lose his hearing.
 Beethoven's hearing loss did not
prevent his composing music,
but it made playing at concerts—
lucrative sources of income—
increasingly difficult.
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Franz Liszt
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October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886
Was a Hungarian composer,
virtuoso pianist and teacher.
Liszt became renowned throughout
Europe during the 19th century for
his great skill as a performer.
He was said by his contemporaries
to have been the most technically
advanced pianist of his age and
perhaps the greatest pianist of all
time.
Robert Schumann
8 June 1810 – 29 July
1856
 German composer,
aesthete and
influential music critic.
He is one of the most
famous and important
Romantic composers
of the 19th century.
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Felix Mendelssohn
February 3, 1809 –
November 4, 1847
 German composer,
pianist, organist and
conductor of the early
Romantic period.
 He was born into a
notable Jewish family,
although he himself was
brought up initially
without religion, and later
as a Lutheran Christian.
He was recognized early
as a musical prodigy
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Frederic Chopin
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1 March 1810 –
17 October 1849
Was a Polish composer
and virtuoso pianist. He is
considered one of the
great masters of
Romantic music.
The great majority of
Chopin's compositions
were written for the piano
as solo instrument.
Hector Berlioz
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December 11, 1803 – March 8,
1869
French Romantic composer, best
known for his compositions
Symphonie fantastique and Grande
messe des morts (Requiem).
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Berlioz made significant
contributions to the modern
orchestra with his Treatise on
Instrumentation. He specified huge
orchestral forces for some of his
works; as a conductor, he
performed several concerts with
more than 1,000 musicians.
Guiseppe Verdi
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October 9 or 10, 1813 –
January 27, 1901
an Italian Romantic
composer, mainly of
opera. He was one of the
most influential
composers of the 19th
century.
One of his most well
known tunes is "La donna
è mobile" ("Woman is
fickle") from the opera
Rigoletto
Richard Wagner
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22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883
German composer, conductor,
theatre director and essayist,
primarily known for his operas.
Unlike most other opera
composers, Wagner wrote both the
music and libretto for every one of
his works.
Wagner’s music is controversial
because Wagner himself was
antisemitic in his essays. The Nazis
appropriated much of Wagner’s
writings and music for their own
ends.
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
 Realism
– art style attempting to
depict life accurately
 Paintings and novels in this style
show the working class
Photographers Capture Reality
Daguerreotypes, early
photographs, are
surprisingly real
 They are named after
their French inventor,
Louis Daguerre
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Daguerreotype photos
The solar eclipse of July
28, 1851 was the first
correctly exposed
photograph of a solar
eclipse, using the
daguerreotype process.
The best-known
image of Edgar Allan
Poe was a
daguerreotype taken
in 1848 by W.S.
Hartshorn, shortly
before Poe's death.
The first authenticated
image of Abraham
Lincoln was this
daguerreotype of him as
U.S. Congressman-elect in
1846, attributed to
Nicholas H. Shepard of
Springfield, Ill.
Photographers Capture Reality

William Talbot invents
negative, allows
copies of photograph
Writers Study Society
Charles Dickens and Honore de Balzac
write about society and class.
 Some realist literature sparks reforms in
working conditions.
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Honoré de Balzac
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French author who wrote a 100
novel series titled La Comédie
humaine, “The Human
Comedy,” about life in France
after the fall of Napoleon
Bonaparte.
Émile Zola
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French author who wrote
a series of realistic novels
describing the conditions
of French life in his time.
One series of his novels
was a 21 novel series
titled Les RougonMacquart about a family
between 1852 and 1870.
One of his most famous
books, Germinal, was in
this series and is
considered a classic in
French literature.
Charles Dickens
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Dickens was in favor of liberal
reforms in British society, and used
his realistic descriptions of the plight
of the poor to promote such reform.
His serialized works were popular in
the United States as well.
Works include:
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A Christmas Carol
Oliver Twist
Nicholas Nickleby
Little Dorrit
Hard Times
A Tale of Two Cities
David Copperfield
Bleak House
Impressionists React Against Realism
A
New Movement
Impressionism – art style that
tries to capture precise
moments in time
Life in the Moment
 Impressionists
like Claude Monet
portray life of rising middle class
 Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste
Renoir also leading impressionists
Claude Monet
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14 November 1840 – 5
December 1926
Founder of French
impressionist painting, and
the most consistent and
prolific practitioner of the
movement's philosophy of
expressing one's perceptions
before nature, especially as
applied to plein-air landscape
painting. The term
Impressionism is derived
from the title of his painting
Impression, Sunrise
Impression, Sunrise
The Lunch on the Grass
The Woman in the Green Dress
Garden at Sainte-Adresse
Edgar Degas
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19 July 1834 – 27
September 1917
French artist famous for
his work in painting,
sculpture, printmaking
and drawing.
He is regarded as one of
the founders of
Impressionism although
he rejected the term, and
preferred to be called a
realist.
The Dance Class
The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of Absinthe
At the Races
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
February 25, 1841 –
December 3, 1919
 Leading painter in the
development of the
Impressionist style.
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The Theater Box
The Swing
On the Terrace and Dance in the City
The Bohemian
 Impressionist
composers
use music to
create mental
pictures
Maurice Ravel
Claude Debussy