Transcript Decision Making 2

HSA 171
CAR
1436/5/19

TYPES OF DECISIONS

TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING GROUP DM

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROUP DM

Constrains
on
Decision
Making
3


Programmed DM & Non-Programmed
decisions.
Individual & Group decisions.
4

One way of distinguishing among decisions is
in terms of whether they are fairly routine and
well-structured,
or
novel
and
poorly
structured
5

PROGRAMMED DECISIONS :
Well-structured decisions, can be understood,
measured and are actually programmed

NON-PROGRAMMED DECISIONS :
Poorly structured decisions, unique, non- routine
and
more
ambiguous
and
frequently
more
difficult to make since it involves major planning
issues
6




Operational Decisions
Programmed Decisions
Individuals
Strategic Decisions
Non-Programmed Decisions
Group
7

Advantage
◦ Provides more complete information
◦ Generates more alternatives
◦ Increases acceptance of a solution
◦ Increases legality

Disadvantage
◦ Time consuming
◦ Some members might influence with other members
◦ unclear/confusing responsibility for the final outcome
8

Brainstorming (BS)
◦ An idea-generating process that encourages
alternatives
 From 6-12 persons sit around a table.
 The group leader states the problem clearly.
 The alternatives start to be generated in a given
time.

◦ No criticism is allowed and all alternatives are
recorded for later analysis.
9


Nominal Group Techniques (NGT)
◦ The group members are physically present but
operate independently.
 Members write down their ideas before meeting
starts.
 The Meeting starts and each one presents his idea
(one by one). No discussion takes place until all
ideas have been recorded. (better to use flip chart)
 The group starts to discuss & evaluate the ideas
 Each member independently assigns a rank to the
ideas. The decision is to choose which has the
highest ranking.
◦ The main advantage is that it doesn’t restrict
independent thinking.
10

Delphi Techniques (DT)
◦ The members never meet face to face.
◦ The same steps of “nominal Group Technique”
but the members register their ideas of solution
through “questionnaire.”
◦ The advantages:
 Less time consuming in group meeting &
discussion
 Prevent members from influencing of others.
11

Electronic Meetings (EM)
◦ Most recent approach.
◦ The members interact through computers.
12
1.Size of the group
◦ The size of the task determine the group size.

2.Communication

Type of group that determine decision making
Centralized group:
 Group members communicate only via a central
member
 This is called “The Wheel”
Decentralized group:
 Group members communicate directly with every
other members
13
There are two types:

“The Chain”- information pass from one individual
to the next before it reaches the last person.

“The Circle”- information is circular
14
3. Human elements
◦ Leadership within the group
◦ Group
members
values,
attitudes,
behavior,
…..etc
◦ Group
members
skills,
experiences,
qualifications, ….etc
◦ Level of the inter-group conflict.
15
1. Internal constraints
◦ Availability of finance (budget)
◦ Existing company policy
◦ People’s behavior
2. External constraints
◦
◦
◦
◦
Governmental legislation
Competitors behavior
Lack of technology
Economic environment (demands)
16