Transcript martinovic - University of Surrey

Ethnic and National Identification as
Determinants of In-Group and OutGroup Evaluations:
The Basque Case
Borja Martinovic, Maykel Verkuyten & Jeroen Weesie
Utrecht University, the Netherlands
CRONEM, 13 June 2007
Introduction
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This study distinguishes between national and
ethnic identification
The relationship between the two types of
identification and the evaluation of in-group and
multiple out-groups is examined
The aim is contribute to the further understanding
of identification and group evaluation processes in
a real-life and politically tense context.
Spanish-Basque context
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The case of interest is Basque community in
Spain
For people who identify as Basque, Basques are
seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans
and Spaniards as out-groups
For people who identify as Spanish, the
Spaniards are seen as the in-group, and
Andalusians, Catalans and Basques as outgroups
Theory
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SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
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Identification with a group influences intergroup
behaviour
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In-group positivity principle
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Out-group derogation
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Pro in-group attitudes are not necessarily related
to anti out-group attitudes
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Group evaluations need to be understood in their
social context
Hypotheses
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H1: A direct positive relationship between group
identification and in-group evaluation
H2: A positive relationship between in-group
identification and the evaluation of similar outgroups
H3: A negative relationship between in-group
identification and the evaluation of threatening outgroups
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H3a: A direct negative association between Spanish
identification and the evaluation of Catalans
H3b: For other three groups Basque nationalism functions
as a mediator between in-group identification and outgroup evaluations
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Spanish identification
Evaluation of Spaniards
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Evaluation of Andalusians
Basque ethnic
nationalism
Basque ethnic
nationalism
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Evaluation of Catalans
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Basque identification
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Evaluation of Basques
Data and participants
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774 secondary school students from 25 schools
in the Basque Autonomous Community
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14-21 years of age (M=16)
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50.9% females and 49.1% males
Measures: DV
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Group evaluation:
Spaniards, Basques, Andalusians and Catalans
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Pre-test survey  37 respondents from Spain
ranked Spanish sub-groups according to how
prototypically Spanish they are
Castilians and Andalusians most prototypical;
Basques and Catalans most atypical
No evaluation of Castilians in the data  focus
on Andalusians
Stereotype valence: 10 positive and 10 negative
traits
Measures: IV
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Basque identification:
6 questions measured on a scale from 1 to 4
about feeling Basque and belonging to the
Basque group
Spanish identification:
The same 6 questions with reference to Spanish
identity
Factor 1 Factor 2
I feel I am Basque
-.359
.825
I like to be Basque
-.347
.906
I am proud to be Basque
-.341
.914
I feel I have a common origin with other Basques
-.500
.760
I feel I am a member of one Basque family
-.501
.784
I feel I have Basque blood
-.481
.806
I feel I am Spanish
.934
-.513
I like to be Spanish
.958
-.478
I am proud to be Spanish
.965
-.461
I feel I have a common origin with other Spaniards
.770
-.335
I feel I am a member of one Spanish family
.860
-.400
I feel I have Spanish blood
.890
-.427
Measures: IV (2)
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Basque ethnic nationalism:
8 questions, measured on a scale from 1 to 4,
about wanting an independent and ethnically
pure Basque state
Cronbach’s alpha=.90
Analysis
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Structural equation modelling
Mplus software
No test of the measurement model due to the
modest sample size and high alphas
A fair number of missing values in questions
about identification and Basque nationalism
Full-information maximum likelihood
estimation
Descriptive results
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Basque identification (M=3.31) is significantly
higher than Spanish identification (M=2.11)
Average scores on Basque identification are
significantly above the midpoint, while Spanish
identification is significantly below it
Basques are the most positively evaluated group
(M=3.09), followed by Spaniards (M=.80),
Andalusians (M=.74) and Catalans (M=-.40)
Basque
identification
Spanish
identification
Basque
identification
Basque
nationalism
Evaluation of
Spaniards
Evaluation of
Basques
Evaluation of
Andalusians
** p<.01
* p<.05
-.488**
Basque
Evaluation of Evaluation
nationalism Spaniards
of Basques
-.656**
.617**
Evaluation of Evaluation
Andalusians of Catalans
.557**
-.172**
.278**
-.123*
-.325**
.240**
-.132**
.111*
-.475**
.227**
-.332**
.049
.046
.414**
-.076*
-.049
.044
-.016
.18***
Spanish identification
Evaluation of Spaniards
.03
-.49***
-.14***
-.05***
Evaluation of Andalusians
Basque ethnic
nationalism
-.07***
Basque ethnic
nationalism
.05*
Evaluation of Catalans
.59***
.03
Basque identification
.16***
Evaluation of Basques
Conclusion
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The findings show a clear positive relationship
between identification and in-group evaluation,
which is in line with the ‘in-group positivity
principle’
The relationship between identification and outgroup evaluation is more complex
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There is no association between in-group identification
and the evaluation of similar out-groups
The association is negative for threatening out-groups,
and it is mediated by ideological notions, such as
nationalism
Conclusion (2)
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Social psychology has paid relatively little
attention to dual identities
Multiple out-groups rarely researched
Most studies are of experimental nature
 This article examined dual identities and
multiple out-group evaluations in a real-life
intergroup context!