Chapter 5: Perception and Attribution

Download Report

Transcript Chapter 5: Perception and Attribution

Organizational
Behavior, 8e
Schermerhorn, Hunt, and
Osborn
Prepared by
Michael K. McCuddy
Valparaiso University
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section
117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written
permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further
information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use
only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
2
Chapter 5
Perception and Attribution
 Study questions.
– What is the perceptual process?
– What are common perceptual distortions?
– How can the perceptual process be managed?
– What is attribution theory?
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
3
What is the perceptual process?
 Perception.
– The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
– Perceptual information is gathered from:
•
•
•
•
•
Sight.
Hearing.
Touch.
Taste.
Smell.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
4
What is the perceptual process?
 Factors influencing the perceptual process.
– Characteristics of the perceiver.
– Characteristics of the setting.
– Characteristics of the perceived.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
5
What is the perceptual process?
 Characteristics of the perceiver.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
perceiver’s:
• Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.
• Personality.
• Values and attitudes.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
6
What is the perceptual process?
 Characteristics of the setting.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
setting’s:
• Physical context.
• Social context.
• Organizational context.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
7
What is the perceptual process?
 Characteristics of the perceived.
– The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics
of the perceived person, object, or event, such as:
• Contrast.
• Intensity.
• Figure-ground separation.
• Size.
• Motion.
• Repetition or novelty.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
8
What is the perceptual process?
 Stages of the perceptual process.
– Information attention and selection.
– Organization of information.
– Information interpretation.
– Information retrieval.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
9
What is the perceptual process?
 Information attention and selection.
– Selective screening.
• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information
that bombards a person.
– Two types of selective screening.
• Controlled processing.
• Screening without perceiver’s conscious
awareness.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
10
What is the perceptual process?
 Organization of information.
– Schemas.
• Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge
about a given concept or stimulus developed through
experience.
– Types of schemas.
• Self schemas.
• Person schemas.
• Script schemas.
• Person-in-situation schemas.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
11
What is the perceptual process?
 Information interpretation.
– Uncovering the reasons behind the ways
stimuli are grouped.
– People may interpret the same information
differently or make different attributions about
information.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
12
What is the perceptual process?
 Information retrieval.
– Attention and selection, organization, and
interpretation are part of memory.
– Information stored in memory must be
retrieved in order to be used.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
13
What is the perceptual process?
 Response to the perceptual process.
– Thoughts.
– Feelings.
– Actions.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
14
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Common perceptual distortions include:
– Stereotypes or prototypes.
– Halo effects.
– Selective perception.
– Projection.
– Contrast effects.
– Self-fulfilling prophecy.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
15
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Stereotypes or prototypes.
– Combines information based on the category
or class to which a person, situation, or object
belongs.
– Strong impact at the organization stage.
– Individual differences are obscured.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
16
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Halo effects.
– Occur when one attribute of a person or
situation is used to develop an overall
impression of the individual or situation.
– Likely to occur in the organization stage.
– Individual differences are obscured.
– Important in the performance appraisal
process.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
17
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Selective perception.
– The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent
with one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
– Strongest impact is at the attention stage.
– Perception checking with other persons can
help counter the adverse impact of selective
perception.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
18
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Projection.
– The assignment of one’s personal attributes to
other individuals.
– Especially likely to occur in interpretation
stage.
– Projection can be controlled through a high
degree of self-awareness and empathy.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
19
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Contrast effects.
– Occur when an individual is compared to other
people on the same characteristics on which
the others rank higher or lower.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
20
What are common
perceptual distortions?
 Self-fulfilling prophecy.
– The tendency to create or find in another
situation or individual that which one expected
to find.
– Also called the “Pygmalion effect.”
– Can have either positive or negative outcomes.
– Managers should adopt positive and optimistic
approaches to people at work.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
21
How can the perceptual
process be managed?
 Impression management.
– A person’s systematic attempt to behave in
ways that create and maintain desired
impressions in others’ eyes.
– Successful managers:
• Use impression management to enhance their own
images.
• Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression
management.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
22
How can the perceptual
process be managed?
 Distortion management.
– Managers should:
• Balance automatic and controlled information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
• Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
• Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation
stage.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
23
What is attribution theory?
 Attribution theory aids in perceptual
interpretation by focusing on how people
attempt to:
– Understand the causes of a certain event.
– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event.
– Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
24
What is attribution theory?
 Internal versus external attributions of
causes of behavior.
– Internal causes are under the individual’s
control.
– External causes are within the person’s
environment.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
25
What is attribution theory?
 Factors influencing internal and external
attributions.
– Distinctiveness — consistency of a person’s
behavior across situations.
– Consensus — likelihood of others responding
in a similar way.
– Consistency — whether an individual
responds the same way across time.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
26
What is attribution theory?
 Fundamental attribution error.
– Applies to the evaluation of someone’s else
behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of
situational factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of personal
factors.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
27
What is attribution theory?
 Self-serving bias.
– Applies to the evaluation of our own behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of
personal factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of
situational factors.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
28
What is attribution theory?
 Attributions across cultures.
– The fundamental attribution error and self-
serving bias operate differently in different
cultures.
Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5
29