Transcript Micro Biology! - Duplin County Schools

Micro Biology!
NCSCOS Overview
Cell Theory
• The cell theory states:
–All living things are made of cells
–Cells are the basic units of life
–All cells come from other cells
Cells
•Cells can be prokaryotic
or eukaryotic
Cells
–Prokaryotic cells
lack organelles
• Bacteria
– Eukaryotic cells
contain all
different kinds of
organelles
• Plant, animal,
and protist cells
Animal Cells
Animal Cells
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Nucleus
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
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Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Plant Cells
Plant Cells
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Nucleus
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Chloroplast
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Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
Cellular Processes
• Cell Division – when one cell makes more
cells
– Mitosis
• One cell makes an exact copy of its
nucleus and itself
– Meiosis
• One cell makes four haploid cells with
some of the same DNA
Cellular Processes
• Cellular Respiration
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Cells turn their food into energy
Glycolysis is the first step
Happens in the mitochondria – aka The Powerhouse!
Nutrients enter cell through membrane - diffusion
• Waste Elimination
– Cells get rid of waste (things not needed)
– Osmosis is movement of water through membrane
– Diffusion is movement of other materials through
membrane
– In osmosis and diffusion, materials move from high to
low concentrations
Cellular Processes
• Photosynthesis
– Process in which plant cells make their own food
(glucose)
– Happens in the chloroplast of PLANT cells
– Essential to the survival of ALL organisms
Protists
• Most protists are unicellular organisms
• They are eukaryotic because their cells have
organelles
• They are usually microscopic
• Some are plant-like because they can make
their own food
• Some are animal like because they have to
consume their food
Euglena
• A euglena is a unicellular organism that has
characteristics of a plant and an animal
• It lives in water
• It moves using a flagella
• A flagella is a whiplike tail
• It has an eyespot that can sense light
• It gets food from photosynthesis as well as
eating other organisms
Euglena
Amoeba
• An amoeba is a unicellular organism that has
characteristics of an animal
• It lives in water
• It moves using a pseudopod
• A pseudopod is a “blob” of cytoplasm that
extends out very slowly
• It can catch and eat it’s own food
Amoeba
Paramecium
• A paramecium is a unicellular organism that has
characteristics of an animal
• It lives in water
• It moves using cilia
• Cilia are tiny hairs that are found along the
outside of a paramecium
• It can catch it’s own food and eat it using an oral
groove
• It also has a contractile vacuole so that it does
not take in too much water
Paramecium
Volvox
• A volvox is a unicellular organism that has
characteristics of a plant
• It lives in water
• It moves using cilia
• They live in colonies – forming a sphere
• They have chloroplast and make their own
food
Volvox
Microbes
• Microbes are tiny organisms that are found
everywhere
• Some microbes are beneficial to humans and
some are dangerous to humans
• Some examples of microbes are bacteria,
protists, and viruses
Bacteria
• There are three main types
of bacteria
– Spirilla (spiral shaped)
– Bacillus (rod shaped)
– Coccus (sphere shaped)
• Have characteristics of living things
• Can be helpful, but can also cause infectious
diseases (diseases that can be passed to someone
else)
• Rabies, leprosy, lyme disease, and bacterial
meningitis are caused by bacteria
Bacteria
• A single bacteria cell reproduce into 2 million
cells in a day
• Antibiotics are used to kill bacterial infections
in humans and other organisms
Anti =
AGAINST
Bio =
LIFE
Bacteria
• Which is which?
Viruses
• Viruses are not living things, but they attack
the cells of living things
• Viruses need a host cell in order to survive and
reproduce
• AIDS, the flu, the common cold,
chicken pox, measles, and ebola
are all caused by a virus
• Viruses cannot be treated but can
be vaccinated against
Viruses
• In order for a virus to
reproduce, it must attach to
a “host cell”
• Then it makes copies of itself
making more viruses that can
attack more cells!
Contagions
• A contagion is simply a disease that can be
passed on from person to person
• They are also known as infectious diseases
• Contagions can be caused by viruses, bacteria,
or protists
Mutagens
• A mutagen is an agent that can cause a
change in the DNA of cell
• Usually a mutagen is associated with a disease
or a disorder
• Cancer is caused by a mutation caused by a
mutagen. Therefore, some mutagens are
carcinogens
Vectors
• A vector is something that spreads diseases
without getting sick itself (does not include
humans)
• Rats, ticks, and mosquitos, are examples of
vectors
Treatment
• The treatment that we use now for microbes
may not be the same treatment that we can
use in the future
• There is a chance that the mutation of
microbes may cause the organisms to “evolve”
which would make our current treatments
useless
Biotechnology
• Continued research into the DNA of microbes
could help us
– Prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases caused by
microbes
– Compare our learning to human DNA to help
understand the genetic make-up of humans
– Help with solutions to environmental problems
– Help with production of energy
Biotechnology
• Careers in biotechnology are being created to
help fulfill industrial, scientific, and
technological needs
• Biotechnology has helped us understand how
bacteria is important in the production of
some foods
• How might understanding biotechnology help
someone in the farming industry?
Biotechnology
How might understanding biotechnology help
the farming industry in our area?
http://www.pakissan.com/english/advisory/biotechnology/genomics.to.improve.farming.shtml
How are parasites and viruses similar?
A. Both are contagious diseases
B. Both infect host organisms
C. Both reproduce using host cells
D. Both break down food using oxygen
Worldwide Cases of Measles
Year
Measles Cases
1980
3,800,000
1985
2,800,000
1990
1,400,000
1995
800,000
2000
1,000,000
Which is most likely the cause of the decline in measles
cases from 1980 to 1990?
A. Antibiotics
B. Chemotherapy
C. Quarantines
D. Vaccinations
How are plant and animal cells similar?
A. They both have flagella
B. They both have a nucleus
C. They both have an eyespot
D. They both have chloroplasts
A euglena and a paramecium are similar in
which ways?
A. Both are types of plants
B. Both have a cell wall to give them shape
C. Both have structures to help them move
D. Both produce their own food
Some women who took the drug thalidomide in
early pregnancy had babies with severe birth
defects. Thalidomide would be considered a
A. Antibiotic
B. Mutagen
C. Vaccine
D. Virus
• http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/accoun
tability/testing/releasedforms/grade8sciencer
eleased.pdf
• Check number 40
Information about the heredity of a cell is found
in which part of the cell?
A. Flagellum
B. Mitochondrion
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole