Transcript Biochemistry Review

WARM-UP / EOC PREP
1. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 represents
the process of ___.
A. Photosynthesis
C. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
D. Glycolysis
2. Organisms need a way of storing energy as ATP
because ___.
A. A cell can always immediately use all the energy it
gets
B. An organism often has times when no energy is used
C. A cell can release only stored energy
D. A cell can create energy and does not need to get it
from elsewhere in the organism
AGENDA
Warm-Up
 Flip-flop
 MSB Video
 Finish up poster & vocab
 Practice quiz
 Clean-Up
 Cool-down

ANNOUNCEMENTS
 Quiz
Friday on Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration.
 Goal

2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th.
Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules,
enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP,
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation
WARM-UP / EOC PREP
1.
An individual running a marathon may
experience periods of oxygen-deprivation (not
enough oxygen in the cells) that can lead to
A. Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, forming
lactic acid
B. Aerobic respiration in muscle cells, generating
glycogen
C. Anaerobic respiration in liver cells, producing
glucose
D. Aerobic respiration in liver cells, synthesizing
alcohol
2. A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably
specialized for
A. Enzyme storage
C. Cell division
B. Energy production
D. Protein synthesis
AGENDA
Warm-Up
 Review Notes 1
 Multiple Choice 1
 Puzzle
 Practice Quiz
 Clean-Up
 Cool-down

ANNOUNCEMENTS
 Quiz
TOMORROW on Cell Transport,
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration.
 Goal

2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th.
Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules,
enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP,
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
Guided Notes
 “organic”
molecules have carbon.
 “inorganic” molecules do not have
carbon.
 Monomers
are small parts that make
up a large polymers.
 Monomer + Monomer + Monomer
 = polymer
Organic
Funct
Elements
Molecule
ion
Carbohy
C, H, O
drate
Monomer
Sketch
Test
monosacchar
ides
Benedicts
(sugar)
Iodine
(starch)
Glycerol
fatty acids
Brown
paper
Lipid
C, H
Protein
C, H, O,
N
Amino acids
Biurets
Nucleic
Acid
C, H, O,
N, P
nucleotides
No test
 Water
is a universal solvent – it
dissolves most molecules and ions.
 pH is a measure of the amount of
hydrogen ions in a solution.
 pH scale goes from 1-14.
 1-6
= acid– the lower the pH, the
stronger the acid.
 Ex. 2 is a stronger acid than 5
7
= NEUTRAL – based on pure water
 8-14
=base (alkaline) – the higher the
pH, the stronger the base.
 Ex. 14 is a stronger the base than 11
 Enzymes
are a special type of
protein that speeds up a chemical
reaction by lowering the activation
energy of a reaction.

 Enzymes
are biological catalysts.
 The
material an enzyme works on is
called the substrate.
 The pocket or groove where the
substrate fits into on the enzyme is
called the active site
 Enzymes
are named for the
substrate that they work with.
Names usually end in –ase.
 Enzymes
can be “denatured” by a
change in temperature or a change
in pH.
REVIEW

Enzymes can also be called…

Biological catalysts

The material the enzyme works on is called the
_______ and the pocket or groove is called the
________ _______.

Substrate, active site

A pH of 8 means it is a …

base

What organic molecule is made out of glycerol
and fatty acids?

lipid

Use for transport and repair…

proteins
COOL-DOWN
1- What is the equation for cellular
respiration?
2- What organelle does cellular
respiration occur in?
3- What is aerobic? Anaerobic?
4- What is the equation for
photosynthesis?
WARM-UP / EOC PREP
1. Which characteristic of prokaryotic
organisms makes them different from
eukaryotes?
A. Prokaryotic cells do not have membranebound organelles
B. Prokaryotes do not have chromosomes
C. Prokaryotes are made of cells
D. Prokaryotes have DNA
2. Active transport is different from
passive transport because it uses
A. Water
C. Ribosomes
B. Proteins
D. Energy
AGENDA
Warm-Up
 Quiz- Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis
 Review Notes 2
 Puzzle
 Cells Review WS
 Clean-Up
 Cool-down

ANNOUNCEMENTS
 Goal

2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th.
Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules,
enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP,
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation

Student of the week is…
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
DAY 2
Guided Notes
 The
cell theory was developed with
the help of the light microscope.
 The cell theory states that:
 1. all organisms are composed of
cells
 2. cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in living
things
 3. cells come from pre-existing cells
 Cell

Theory People:
a. Anton von Leeuwenhoek  saw
living things in pond water

b. Robert Hooke  named the cell

c. Matthias Schleiden  plants made
of cells


d. Theodore Schwann  animals
made of cells
e. Rudolph Virchow  all cells
come from other cells
 Total
Magnification =
eyepiece(ocular lens) x objective lens
 Eyepiece = 10x Objectives = 10x, 40x
Greatest possible magnification =
400x
 Ex. Total magnification 600x =
Eyepiece 10x X Objective 60x
 Under
the microscope, letters get put
upside down and backwards.

Ex. “J” appears as “___”.
 Parts
of the microscope:

a. stage – where you put the
slide

b. objective lens – magnifies the
image

c. arm and base – used to carry
the microscope
 Types
 1.
of microscopes:
light microscope
 2. transmission electron microscope
 3. scanning electron microscope
PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
Prokaryotic
 No
nucleus
 No organelles
 Came first
 Small
 Simple
•Eukaryotic
•Nucleus
•Organelles
•Came second
•Bigger
•Complex
 nucleus–
controls the cell (where
DNA is found)
 Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis
(make proteins)
 Plasma (Cell Membrane – controls
what comes in and out
 Endoplasmic reticulum– series of
channels that act as a transport
system
 Golgi
Apparatus – packs, sorts and
ships molecules
 Mitochondria
–powerhouse; makes
energy; site of cellular respiration
 chloroplast
– site of photosynthesis
 Vacuole
– stores waste, water and
food

cell wall – used for structure and
support in plant cells
 Plant
cells are different from animal
cells in three ways:
 plant cells have a cell wall, animal
cells do not
 plant cells have chloroplasts, animal
cells do not
 plant cells have larger vacuoles

If the ocular lens is 10x, and the objectives are
10x, and 50x, what is the greatest possible
magnification?

500x

What is the difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?

P-no nucleus, no organelles, smaller, came first

What is the difference between plant and animal
cells?

P-chloroplasts, cell wall, larger vacuoles

If a cell cannot make proteins, they do not have…

ribosomes

The organelle that supports and protects plant
cells is the…

Cell wall
WARM-UP / EOC PREP
1.
The structures labeled X and Y
represent a
A. Nucleic acid and a lipid
B. Protein and a carbohydrate
C. Nucleic acid and a carbohydrate
D. Protein and a lipid
X
Y
2. Cells store energy by converting
A. ADP to ATP
B. ATP to ADP
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
AGENDA
Warm-Up
 Crossword
 Review Notes 3
 Multiple Choice #2
 Matching Vocab
 Clean-Up
 Cool-down

ANNOUNCEMENTS
 Goal

2 Exam is TOMORROW.
Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules,
enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP,
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
DAY 3
Guided Notes
 Cell
 The
Membrane
Cell membrane (plasma
membrane) is made up of two layers
of lipid, so it is called a lipid bilayer
 Proteins
can also be found inside the
membrane. They can act as
receptors, channels and pumps.
 The
lipid bilayer contains
phospholipid molecules with
nonpolar tails and polar heads.
 Their
hydrophobic tails are “water
hating”, while the hydrophilic heads
are “water loving”.
 They are arranged in the membrane
with the tails together and the heads
on the outside.
 Most
biological membranes are
“selectively permeable”, or some
substances can pass across the
membrane while others cannot
 The
semi permeability of the cell
membrane is most closely associated
with the maintenance of
homeostasis.
 Two
main types of transport are
active and passive.
 Passive
Transport – does not require
energy; moves molecules from high
concentration  low concentration.
 diffusion
– molecules move from high
 low
 osmosis – water moves from high 
low (water moves from less salt to
more salt)
 facilitated diffusion– large molecules
move from high  low through a
transport protein
 Active
Transport – requires energy
(ATP); moves substances from low
concentration  high concentration.
 equilibrium
– the concentration of
dissolved substance is the same
throughout a system.
What
 it
happens to a cell when …
is placed in a solution with a
higher salt concentration – it will
shrink
 it is placed in a solution with the
same salt concentration – stays the
same
 it is placed in a solution with lower
salt concentration – it will swell
and burst
 Photosynthesis
is the conversion of
sunlight into chemical energy.
 Equation:
CO2 + H2O + Light 
C6H12O6+ O2
 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light 
Glucose (sugars) + oxygen
 Photosynthesis
occurs in the
chloroplast and the sunlight
required for the reaction is absorbed
by the chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll.
 There


are 2 stages to photosynthesis:
1. light reactions
(Electron Transport Chain)
2. Calvin Cycle (dark reactions)
 Cellular
Respiration is the process
that releases energy by breaking
down glucose and other food
molecules in the presence of oxygen.
 Equation:
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H20
+ ATP (energy)
 Glucose + oxygen  Carbon Dioxide
+ water + ATP
 Cellular
respiration occurs in the
mitochondria.
 The most energy is made during
aerobic cellular respiration (36 ATP /
molecule of glucose)
 There
are 3 stages to aerobic cellular
respiration:
 Glycolysis
 Kreb’s Cycle
 Electron Transport
Chain
 Anaerobic
respiration occurs when
there is a lack of oxygen for the
cells.
 Anaerobic
respiration has 2 stages:
 Glycolysis
 fermentation
 There
are 2 types of fermentation:
 Lactic Acid
 Forms lactic acid as a byproduct.
 Lactic acid creates sore muscles
after exercising.
 Alcoholic
 Forms
ethanol as a byproduct.
 Used in making alcohol.

REVIEW

Which type of respiration produces more ATP?

aerobic

What is the gas produced by photosynthesis?

oxygen

What does the mitochondria make?

ATP

What happens to a cell in salty water?

shrinks

The cell membrane is made out of …

Lipids and proteins
WARM-UP / EOC PREP
1. Which of the following biomolecules is
correctly paired with its building blocks?
A. Carbohydrate-nucleotide
B. Protein-monosaccharide
C. Lipid-fatty acids
D. Nucleic acid-amino acids
2. Which organelle is responsible for
digesting old organelles and removing
waste using enzymes?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi body
C. Chloroplast
D. Lysosome
AGENDA
Warm-Up
 Review
 Exam
 Clean-Up
 Cool-down
