Transcript The Kingdom Fungi

The Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 21
21-1 The Kingdom Fungi
What are Fungi?

Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell
walls made of chitin (a carbohydrate).

Fungi DO NOT ingest their food, but rather they
digest food OUTSIDE their bodies and the ABSORB
it! (Fungi are decomposers)
Reasons Fungi Not Plants!
 No chlorophyll
 Cell wall not Cellulose
 NO vascular tissue
 Do not photosynthesize
(Not an autotroph)
Structure and Function of Fungi

Structure and Function
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Multicellular (except yeasts)
Composed of hyphae—thin filaments one
cell thick
Cross walls—cytoplasm and nuclei can
move through openings
Without cross walls—contain many nuclei
Hyphae Structure Close-Up
Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Cytoplasm
Hyphae With Cross Walls
Nuclei
Cell wall
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Section 21-1
Structure & Function of Fungi
 Except
for yeasts, ALL fungi are multicellular and composed of tiny
filaments called hyphae.
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The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of
many hyphae tangled together into a thick
mass called a mycelium.
The mycelium is well suited to absorb food.
The fruiting body is a reproductive structure
that develops from a mycelium that grows below
the surface of the ground.
Fungi Structure
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
Section 21-1
A Mushroom Fairy Ring
Reproduction in Fungi

Most fungi reproduce both asexually and
sexually.
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Asexual:
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In some fungi, spores are produced in structures
called sporangia.
Sporangia are found at the tips of specialized hyphae
called sporangiophores.
Sexual:

Sexual reproduction involves a gametangium - a
gamete-forming structure produced when the hyphae
of opposing mating types of fungi meet.
How Fungi Spread
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How Fungi Spread

Fungal spores
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Scatter easily in the wind
Must land in favorable
environment
 Temperature
 Moisture
 Food

Some are specialized to
lure animals, flies
 Disperse spores over
long distances
21-2 Classification of Fungi
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Fungi are classified according to their
structure and method of reproduction
The 4 main groups of fungi are:
1.
Zygomycota (common molds)
2.
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
3.
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
4.
Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)
Zygomycota – The Common Molds

Zygomycetes are the familiar molds that
grown on meat, cheese, and bread.

Ex: Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold).
the rootlike hyphae
that anchor the
fungus to the bread
are called rhizoids
the stem-like hyphae
that run along the
surface of the bread
are called stolons
Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2
p. 531
Zygospore
(2N)
FERTILIZATION
Sporangium
Gametangia
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Spores
(N)
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Stolons
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Sporangiophore
Asexual
Reproduction
Rhizoids
Sexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid
Zygomycota
Ascomycota – The Sac Fungi

The phylum Ascomycota is
named for the ascus, a
reproductive structure that
contains spores.

Ascomycetes are the largest
phyum in the kingdom Fungi.

Some are large and some are
microscopic.

Examples: cup fungi (large)
and yeasts (microscopic).
Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2
p. 533
Fruiting body (N + N)
Hyphae
(N + N)
Ascus
(N + N)
Diploid
Zygote (2N)
Haploid
Hyphae (N)
Gametangia
Asci
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
+ Mating type (N)
Sexual Reproduction
- Mating type (N)
Ascus
Conidia (N)
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Hypha (N)
Asexual Reproduction
8 Ascospores
(N)
Morels are Ascomycete Fungi
Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
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Yeasts
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Unicellular fungi
Ascomycetes—baking and
brewing
Budding—process of asexual
reproduction—cell division
Alcoholic fermentation to
obtain energy
 Byproducts—carbon dioxide
and alcohol
Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
Candida sp.
Some Ascomycetes
Scarlet Cup Fungus
Morel
Ascomycota
Sac Fungi - Ascomycota
CUP FUNGI
YEASTS
(visible to the eye)
(microscopic)
Basidiomycota – The Club Fungi
The phylum Basidiomycota gets its name
from a specialized reproductive structure
(called a basidium) that resembles a club.
 Includes:

 Mushrooms
 Shelf
fungi
 Puffballs
 Earthstars
 Jelly fungi
 Plant rusts
 Bird’s nest fungi
Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a
Basidiomycete
Section 21-2
Fruiting body (N + N)
p. 534
Gills lined
with basidia
Cap
Button
Gills
Stalk
Base
Basidia
(N + N)
Secondary
mycelium (N + N)
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Primary mycelium (N)
Zygote (2N)
- Mating type (N)
Haploid
+ Mating type (N)
MEIOSIS
Diploid
Basidiospores (N)
Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi
Bracket Fungi – Basidiomycete Fungi
Some Basidiomycetes
Shelf Fungi
Giant Puffball
Basidiomycete or Club Fungi
Basidiomycota
The Club Fungi
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Diversity of Club Fungi
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Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Earthstars
Jelly fungi
Rusts
Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
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Almost identical
Some inedible can cause severe illness or death
Diversity of Club Fungi
EARTH STAR
PUFFBALL
MUSHROOM
SHELF FUNGI
JELLY FUNGI
BIRD’S NEST FUNGI
Deuteromycota – The Imperfect Fungi

Deuteromycota is an
extremely varied
phylum composed of
those fungi that are not
placed in other phyla.
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
The term imperfect
implies that these fungi
do not appear to have
sexual reproduction.
Ex: Penicillium notatum
– the source of antibiotic
penicillin.
Deutoeromycota
Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has
been observed in their life cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar
in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry,
polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird 
Truffles
Truffles are round, warty, fungi that
are irregular in shape. They vary
from the size of a walnut to that of a
man's fist. Since the times of the
Greeks and Romans these fungi
have been used in Europe as
delicacies, as aphrodisiacs, and as
medicines. They are among the
most expensive of the world's
natural foods, often commanding as
much as $250 to $450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle
dogs, which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles
underneath the surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited
when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex
attractant. The use of dogs to find truffles is also and option.
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
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Saprobes - Organisms that obtain food from
decaying organic matter
Parasites - which harm other orgnisms
Symbionts - live in close and mutually
beneficial association with other species
Capture live animals
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Pleurotus ostreatus
Lives on the sides of trees and trap worms to
digest them
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Fungi as Decomposers
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Maintain equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem
by recycling nutrients
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Release digestive enzymes that break down
organic material into simple molecules which
diffuse into the fungus
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Fungi as Parasites
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Cause serious plant
and animal diseases
and a few cause
diseases in humans
Plant Diseases
 Smuts, mildews,
rusts
Corn
smut
Plant
mildew
Spruce
rust
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and
animal diseases:
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wheat rust
mildew on fruit
Corn Smut
Penicillium
Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust
infecting
wheat leaves
Rust infecting
a Leaf
Whitrot Smut
digesting old wood
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Human Diseases
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Athlete’s foot,
ringworm
Candida albicans
(yeast)—oral thrush
Bacteria and yeast in
the human body keep
each other in check
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Other Animal Diseases
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Cordyceps—
grasshoppers in rain
forests in Costa Rica
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Symbiotic Relationships
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Mutualistic (both benefit)
Lichens
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Fungus and an alga or a
cyanobacterium or both
Live mostly on bare rock
and in places that most
other organisms cannot
live
Break down rock into soil
Autotroph makes food,
fungus absorbs water and
nutrients and serves as
an anchor
Lichens: Symbiotic Partnerships
Algal Layer
Fungal Hyphae
Attachment
Structure
Lichens Covering a Rock
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic
organisms. They have an
____________ fungus and a
_________ or cyanobacterial
portion. There are three lichen
growth forms which are predominant
in nature: _____________________
_____________________________
Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose
Symbiotic Relationships
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Lichens
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A symbiotic associations between a fungus and a
photosynthetic organism.
Lichen can grow on dry, bare rock and are often
the first organisms to inhabit an area (pioneer
species).
The lichen break down the bare rock, allowing
other plants to grow.
lichen
Symbiotic Relationships
Mycorrhizae
A
symbiotic associations
of plant roots and fungi.
Fungi
increases the
surface area of the
plants roots.
Its
presence is often
necessary for the growth
of many plants.
mycorrhizae
21-3 Ecology of Fungi
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Mycorrhizae
 Plant roots and fungi
 Plant
roots provide
energy and fungus
provides a large surface
area for more absorption
of water and minerals
Mycorrhizae Enhance Plant Growth
Mycorrhizae
Phylum
Ex’s
Zygomycota
Bread Mold
Rhizopus a
dung
fungus
Ascomycota
Yeast,
morels,
truffles
Characteristics
Chitin cell
walls
Coenocytic =
hyphae lack
crosswalls
Asexual
Sexual
Unflagel.
spores drop
from
sporangia
Gametangia
fuse to create
zygospore
Conidia on
conidophores
Hyphae + & fuse to create
ascospores in
ascus
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms
Puffballs,
rusts,
smuts
Cross walls in
hyphae
Asexual by
way of
Conidophores
which
produce
conidiospore
s
Sexual when
hyphae fuse in
BASIDIA to
produce
basidiospores
Fungi
Imperfecti
Penicillium,
Athlete’s
Foot
fungus,
Tomato
Blight
Similar
To
Basidio and
Zygomy
Asexual by
conidia which
produce
conidophores
Sexual repro
Not known
Deuteromycota