Transcript What Does a Chemist Do?

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Room: Chandler 455
Phone #: (212)854-8587
Columbia University
Department of Chemistry
Tentative Class Schedule:
WEEK
DATE
T -R
1
1/20 - 1 /22
2
1/27 - 1 /29
3
2/03 - 2/05
4
2/10 - 2 /12
5
2/17 - 2 /19
6
2/24 - 2/26
7
3/02 - 3 /04
8
3/09 - 3/11
3/16 - 3/18
9
3/23 - 3/25
10
3/30 - 4 /01
11
4/06 - 4 /08
12
4/13 - 4/15
13
4/20 - 4 /22
14
4/27 - 4 /29
5/04
READING M ATER IA L
ACTIVITIES / TOPIC
Chapters 1 and 2
Chapters 3 and 4
Chapters 5 and 6
Chapter 7 and 8
Chapters 9 and 10
Chapters 11
Chapter 12
Chapters 1 through 11.
Course introduction / Measurement
Matter an d energy. Atoms and elements
Atomic Theory. Nome nclature
Chemical composition. Chemical reactions
Stoichiometry. Atoms and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table. Chemical bonding
Gases
Midterm review / MIDTER M
SPRING B REAK
Water, liquids and intermolecular forces
Solutions
Chemical equilibrium
Acids, bases, and salts
Oxidation and reduction
Oxidation and reduction. Final Re view
Final Exa mi nation
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 16
Chapters 15
Chapters 17
Chapter 12 through 17
What Does a Chemist Do?
• Studies the atomic composition and structural architecture of
substances
• Investigates the varied interactions among substances
• Utilizes natural substances and creates artificial ones
• Comprehends the marvelous and complex chemistry of
living organisms
• Provides a molecular interpretation of health and disease
How Does S(He) do it?
Main Divisions of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
(Chemical Engineering
and Applied Chemistry)
Biochemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Forensic Chemistry
What is Organic Chemistry?
Largest area of specialization among the various fields of chemistry
Synthetic Organic Chemistry
 Pharmaceutical Chemistry
 Polymer Chemistry
 Dye and Textile Chemistry
 Pulp and Paper Chemistry
 Agricultural Chemistry
 Formulation Chemistry (paint, food,
petroleum products, adhesives, etc.)
Physical Organic Chemistry
Concerned with the correlation of the physical and chemical
properties of compounds with their structural features.
We are primarily
engaged in the
invention and
development of
stereoselective catalytic
reactions and the total
synthesis of
biologically active and
structurally complex
natural products
Synthetic Organic Chemist: Professor James Leighton
Synthetic Organic Chemist /
Bioorganic Chemist:
Professor Samuel Danishefsky
Among our areas of current interest
in the anticancer field are epothilone
and eleutherobin. While structurally
diverse, these two compounds seem to
function by a taxol-like mechanism in
their ability to inhibit microtubule
disassembly.
Several projects are addressed to goal
systems with immunochemical
implications. Here we are
particularly concerned with the
construction of a carbohydrate-based
tumor antigen vaccine.
We deal with structural aspects of bioactive compounds
and elucidation of their mode of action.
In most cases this involves
investigating the interaction
of small molecules with their
biopolymeric receptors. The
recent dramatic advancement
in isolation, purification and
microspectroscopic methods
has made it possible for
chemists to become involved
in such studies on a
molecular structural basis
Natural Products’ Chemist :
Professor Koji Nakanishi
We view the photon as a reagent for initiating photoreactions and as
a product of the deactivation of electronically excited molecules.
Our group is developing a novel field
termed "supramolecular"
photochemistry, or photochemistry
beyond the conventional intellectual and
scientific constraints implied by the term
"molecule". In supramolecular
processes non-covalent bonds between
molecules play a role analogous to that
of covalent bonds between atoms.
Physical Organic Chemist / Photochemist
Material Chemist:
Professor Nicholas Turro
What is Inorganic Chemistry?
Deals with the properties of elements
ranging from metals to non metals
• Organometallic Chemistry
• Bioinorganic Chemistry
• Ceramics and Glass
• Semiconductors
Organometallic Chemist / X-ray
Spectroscopist:
Professor Gerard Parkin
Zinc is a constituent of more than
300 enzymes. The active sites of
these enzymes feature a zinc center
attached to the protein backbone by
three or four amino acid residues,
the nature of which influences the
specific function of the enzyme. In
order to understand why different
zinc enzymes utilize different amino
acid residues at the active site, it is
necessary to understand how and
why the chemistry of zinc is
modulated by its coordination
environment. Answers to these
questions are being provided by a
study of small molecules that
resemble the enzyme-active sites.
In our major effort we are trying to prepare artificial enzymes
that can imitate the function of natural enzymes.
Bio-organic Chemist :
Professor Ronald Breslow
http://www.oit.doe.gov/cfm/fullarticle.cfm/id=743
A related study involves the
synthesis of mimics of
antibodies or of biological
receptor sites, constructing
molecules that will bind to
polypeptides with sequence
selectivity in water, using
mainly hydrophobic
interactions. These could
be very useful in modulating
the activity of peptide
hormones, for instance.
What is Physical Chemistry?
Measures, correlates, and explains the
quantitative aspects of chemical processes
• Theoretical Chemistry
Devoted to Quantum and Statistical Mechanics. Theoretical chemists use
computers to solve complicated mathematical equations that simulate
specific chemical processes.
• Chemical Thermodynamics
Deals with the relationship between heat, work, temperature,
and energy of Chemical systems.
• Chemical Kinetics
Seeks to measure and understand the rates of chemical reactions.
Physical Chemistry
•Electrochemistry
Investigates the interrelationship between electric current and chemical change.
•Photochemistry, Spectroscopy
Uses radiation energy to probe and induce change within matter.
•Surface Chemistry
Examines the properties of chemical surfaces, using
instruments that can provide a chemical profile of such surfaces.
My research is concerned with structural and dynamic
processes in condensed phase systems and biomacromolecular
systems.
Because the systems studied are
often complex many-body
systems, it is necessary to utilize
the powerful analytical methods
of statistical mechanics as well as
state-of-the-art methods of
computer simulation involving
molecular dynamics and Monte
Carlo techniques.
Theoretical Chemist: Professor Bruce Berne
Materials Chemist:
Professor Louis Brus
My research is materials,
surfaces and nanocrystals,
especially in relation to
optical and electronic
properties. This work can
include theoretical
modeling, experimental
chemical physics, and
synthetic chemistry. We try
to understand the evolution
of solid state properties from
molecular properties, and to
create new materials with
nanoscale structure by both
kinetic and thermodynamic
self-assembly methods.
Experimental Physical Chemist:
Professor George Flynn
We investigate molecular
collisions that lead either to
chemical reaction or to the
exchange of energy between
molecules. In particular, we
have developed the infrared
diode laser absorption probe
technique to investigate
collisions between molecules.
We also study the structure of molecules
adsorbed on surfaces by using the
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM).
What is Analytical Chemistry?
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Deals with the detection of elements or compounds (analytes) in
different materials.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Refers to the measurement of the actual amounts of the analyte present
in the material investigated.
•Gravimetry
Chemical and Biochemical Methods
•Titrimetric Analysis
•Enzymic Analysis
•Inmunochemical Analysis
Analytical Chemistry
• Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopic Methods
•Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
•Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
•Mass Spectrometry (MS)
•Vibrational Spectroscopy (IR, RAMAN)
•X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XPS)
•Electronic Spectroscopy (UV, VIS, Luminiscence)
•Atomic Spectroscopy (AA, ICP)
•Rotational Spectroscopy (Microwave, FIR)
Analytical Chemistry
Chromatographic Methods (Partition equilibrium)
•Gas Chromatography (GC)
•High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
•Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
•Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
•Ion Chromatography
Analytical Chemistry
• Thermal Methods
•Thermogravimetry (TG)
•Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
•Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
•Thermomechanic Analysis (TMA)
• Electrochemical Methods
•Electrogravimetry
•Electrophoresis
•Conductimetry, Potentiometry
•Polarography
•Voltammetry
We study enzyme mechanisms using NMR. A variety of experiments
allow us to probe structural details,dynamics or chemical details such
as protonation states.
In photosynthetic reaction
centers, light energy is
converted to chemical
potential energy through
long-range electron transfer
events. A wealth of
crystallographic, mutagenic,
and spectroscopic work on
these centers still leaves
important mechanistic
questions unanswered.
Biophysical Chemist / NMR Spectroscopist:
Professor Ann McDermott
The Tools of the Trade
H
He
Li Be
B C N O
Na Mg
Al Si P
F Ne
S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Sg Bh Hs Mt
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tmi Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Periodic Table of the Elements
The Tools of the Trade
1
3
2
4
5
11 12
6
7
8
9 10
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 8l 82 83 84 85 86
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Periodic Table of the Elements
http://www.spectroscopynow.com/Spy/tools/periodic.html
Interesting Applications
The KSC-ALS Breadboard Project
• Uses biological systems to recycle material through a ALS (Advanced Life
Support) system. Humans take in oxygen, food and water, and expel
carbon dioxide and organic waste. Plants utilize carbon dioxide, produce
food, release oxygen, and purify water. Inedible plant material and human
waste are degraded by microorganisms to recycle nutrients for plants in a
process termed resource recovery.
When humans establish permanent bases on the Lunar surface or
travel to Space for exploration, they need to develop systems to:
• produce food
• purify their water supply and
• create oxygen from the carbon dioxide they expel.
Physico-chemical processes can perform the two latter tasks,
but only biological processes can perform all three.
• A life support system that would perform these regenerative
functions, whether strictly by biological means or by a
combination of biological and physico-chemical methods, has
been called a Controlled Ecological Life Support System
(CELSS).
• Biological systems utilize plants and microorganisms
to perform these life support tasks in a process
termed bioregeneration.
A CELSS is a tightly controlled system, using crops to perform life support
functions, under the restrictions of minimizing volume, mass, energy, and labor.