Transcript China
New Politburo Standing Committee Xi Jinping, General Secretary of CCP PRINCELING Li Keqiang, Premier of State Council Zhang Dejiang, Head, NPC PRINCELING Liu Yunshan, Head, CCP Propaganda PRINCELING Yu Zhengsheng, Head, CPPCC YOUTH LEAGUE YOUTH LEAGUE Wang Qishan, Head, CCP Disc. Insp. PRINCELING Zhang Gaoli, Exec V. Premier JIANG ZEMIN’S PROTEGE China's Impact on Global Poverty, 19871998 World Bank's PPP$1/day consumption poverty line Change in global number of poor (%) = - 0.6 Excluding China = + 9.3 Acknowledgements 3 Data source Rural Education Action Project Stanford University Prof. Scott Rozelle Comparative Context 4 Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour) US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1 Headline: “China is Eating Mexico’s Lunch” Note: job competition among low-wage platforms Comparative Context: Korea 5 Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour) US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1 1970/80s ~$1 Korea transformation from low-wage, labor-intensive jobs to higher-wage, higher-productivity, higher-tech jobs Comparative Context: Korea 6 Korea’s high school graduation rates by 1980s Urban Close to 100% Rural Close to 100% Comparative Context: Mexico 7 Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour) US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3-4 1970s ~$1 China $1 Mexico low-wage, labor-intensive jobs But where is the transformation? Comparative Context: Mexico 8 Mexico’s high school graduation rates by 1980s Urban ~80% Rural ~40% Comparative Context 9 Inequality, Gini coefficients Korea 32 gap Brazil 54 Mexico 52 Comparative Context: China 10 Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour) US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1 China Can China make the transformation from lowwage, labor-intensive jobs to higher-wage, higherproductivity, higher-tech jobs? China’s Population: Urban, Rural, and Poor Rural ≈ 35% of school-aged children in poor rural areas (> 50 million children, ages 6 to 15) Source: Scott Rozelle, REAP, Stanford cities other rural Annual Real Hourly Wage (1978 dollars) Starts rising 1998 4000 2000 ≈ 30 ¢ / hour in 1978 ≈ $2.00 / hour in 2010 Unskilled wage 0 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 Year Park and Cai, 2008; Rozelle (REAP) 2012 Comparative Context: China 13 China’s high school graduation rates by 1980s Urban Close to ~85% Rural Close to ~40% China’s profile is more similar to Mexico’s than Korea’s Comparative Context: China 14 China’s middle school completion rates Poor rural areas (35% of school-aged children) ~60% Comparative Context: China 15 Inequality, Gini coefficients Korea 32 gap Brazil 54 Mexico 52 China 50 Development policy areas 16 Education Other policy areas Health Rural infrastructure Development policy areas 17 Health As of 2000, ~80% of people in rural China Without health insurance of any kind 2003 new Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme As of 2007, implemented in 86% of counties Has not significantly reduced out-of-pockets expenditure Has not significantly increased use of formal medical services Development policy areas 18 Rural infrastructure Roads Drinking water Poorest rural areas now receiving more inter-governmental fiscal transfers from above Brandt Development policy areas: Infrastructure Intergovernmental fiscal transfers to support rural tax/fee reform (equalizing) 农村税费改革转移支付 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 661 523 245 305 80 2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年 Comparative Context 20 Developmental challenges facing rural China Infrastructure Health Education Questions for Discussion Analyze Figure 3.1a. Do respondents perceive much inequality close to home? Analyze Figure 3.2a. What are the 2 most important reasons respondents give for why people are poor? 2 least important reasons? Analyze Figure 3.2b. What are the 2 most important reasons respondents give for why people are rich? 2 least important reasons? What do Whyte’s findings suggest about the world view/ideology of survey respondents? Do you agree with the majority of respondents in this survey? Attitudes toward inequality Attitudes toward inequality