Transcript Psychological Disorders - Appoquinimink High School

Psychological
Disorders
What do you think?
 Write
a definition for a
psychological disorder.
 Do
not give examples or define
specific disorders- what does it
mean to have a psychological
disorder?
Psychological Disorder
–distressing & harmful;
disruptive
–behavior is uncontrollable
–Unjustified, Irrational
Psychological Disorders
Must
have personal
distress and impaired
functioning
Personal Distress
 The
behavior/symptoms
causes significant personal
distress to the patient (may
not realize)
–Potential harm to self or others
Daily
Impairs Functioning
life functioning is
impaired (one or both)
–Work/School life
–Home life
–Varies
throughout
time/ culture
Ancient causes of “madness”
–movements of sun or moon
lunacy-
–evil spirits
full moon (lunar)
Ancient “cures”
–Exorcism
–Caged like animals, beaten,
burned, castrated, mutilated
– blood
replaced
with
animal’s
blood!
Diagnosis DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
describes specific symptoms and
diagnostic guidelines for
psychological disorders
– Provides a common language &
comprehensive guidelines to help
diagnose
When diagnosing a client the American
Psychological Association recommends
that the clinician use a multiaxial
Assessment System. As follows:
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Axis I Clinical Disorders
Axis II Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
Axis III General Medical Condition (major medical
conditions that may be relevant )
Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Factors
(psychosocial and environmental factors affecting the
person)
Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (best guess of
the client’s overall level of functioning )
Diagnosis

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Axis I 296.21 Major Depressive Disorder , Single
Episode
Axis I 303.90 Alcohol Dependence
Axis II 301.6 Dependent Personality Disorder
Axis III None
Axis IV Recent Divorce, unemployment
Axis V 58
Insanity
 legal
only
definition
 unable
to
determine
between right &
wrong or
understand
consequences
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety =
An unpleasant emotional state
characterized by general,
vague feelings of tension, fear
and apprehension
Anxiety Disorders differ from general feelings of
anxiety in that…
• Distressing,
persistent
And/or
•The behaviors that
reduce anxiety…
… begin to control and dominate life!
Anxiety Disorders are…
 Irrational
(exaggerated or non
existent threats, response is out
of proportion)
 Uncontrollable (can not be
“turned off, even if the person
wants to)
 Disruptive (interferes with life)
Types of Anxiety Disorders
GAD
Panic
Agoraphobia
Phobias
PTSD
OCD
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
 Constant worry about many issues
w/o cause, seriously interferes with
functioning
– Physical symptoms
headaches
stomach aches
muscle tension
irritability
Panic Disorder
 Panic
attacks—sudden
episode of helpless
terror with high
physiological arousal
(increased blood
pressure, heart beat,
temp., sweating)
 Very
frightening —sufferers live in fear of
having them
 Agoraphobia often develops
NOT FEAR OF OUTDOORS
 Fear
of being in
situations in which
escape might be difficult,
they don’t feel safepublic places, crowds,
wide open spaces
– Mostly confined to
homes- they are safe
there
Specific Phobias
Intense, irrational fears that
may focus on …….
Inappropriate response to
………..
Natural environment
type
•the fear of heights
(acrophobia)
• the fear of lightning and
thunderstorms (astraphobia).
Situational type
–the fear of small confined spaces
(claustrophobia)
– being "afraid of the dark," (nyctophobia).
–Monophobia—fear of being alone
–Gephyrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges.
–Ligyrophobia — Fear of loud noises.
–Xenophobia — Fear of strangers,
foreigners, or aliens.
Blood/injection/injury
type
– the fear of medical procedures including
needles and injections (aichmophobia)
 Algobphobia—fear of pain
 Pyrophobia—fear of fire
 Emetophobia — Fear of vomiting.
 Radiophobia— Fear of radiation or x-rays
 Hemophopia (Haemophobia) — Fear of blood
Animal type
– the fear of spiders (arachnophobia)
– the fear of snakes (ophidiophobia).
 Ailurophobia—fear of cats
 Myrmecophobia — Fear of ants.
 Cynophobia — Fear of dogs or of rabies.
 Mottephobia — Aversion to moths and
butterflies.
Other
– the fear of the number 13
(triskaidekaphobia)
– the fear of clowns (coulrophobia).
 Anthropophobia—fear of men
 Ephebiphobia — Fear/dislike of teenagers.
 Zapatophobia - Fear of shoes, socks, or
sandals.
Common and uncommon
fears
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes
Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning In a
places
small
house
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Driving Being
Cats
a car
In a
crowd
of people
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
 Follows
events that produce intense horror or
helplessness (traumatic episodes)
 Actual or threatened death and/or injury
– War, Rape, Accidents, Attacks, Abuse,
Rescue workers
 May be delayed after event- onset with trigger
 Core
symptoms include:
– Frequent recollection of
traumatic event, often
intrusive and interfering
with normal thoughts
– Avoidance of situations that trigger recall of
the event
– Increased physical arousal associated with
stress
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Obsessions—irrational,
disturbing thoughts that intrude
into consciousness
Compulsions—repetitive
actions performed to alleviate
obsessions
 The
compulsions (actions)
help to keep away the
obsessions (thoughts)
 If the actions are not
performed==anxiety
 Observable or mental
compulsions
OCD Examples
 Obsessions
about getting hurt, hurting
someone, getting sick, contamination,
symmetry
 Compulsions= cleaning, checking,
hoarding, touching, counting,
arranging, ordering, repeating phrases
Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among
People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Thought or Behavior
Percentage*
Reporting Symptom
Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
40
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
40
Symmetry order, or exactness
24
Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing,
or grooming
85
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door,
up/down from a chair)
51
Checking doors, locks, appliances,
car brake, homework
46
Personality Disorders
 Inflexible,
maladaptive pattern of
thoughts, emotions, behaviors
 stable over time and across situations
 deviate from the expectations of the
individual’s culture

Antisocial, Borderline, Dependent, Narcissistic
 Might
Antisocial Personality
Disorder
start as conduct
disorder (children)
 Manipulative, charming,
“con man”
 Cruel, destructive
 Lacking
“conscience”, no guilt, no
responsibility
Borderline Personality
Disorder
Instability
of self-image,
relationships
Self-destructive behaviors,
impulsive
Fear of abandonment
Dependent Personality Disorder
Unable
to make
decisions or do
things on own
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
self importance,
 success fantasies,
 need for ^ attention,
 envy
 arrogance – others are
inferior

Dissociative Disorders
–literally a dis-association of memory
–person suddenly becomes unaware
of some aspect of their identity or
history
–unable to recall except under special
circumstances (e.g., hypnosis)
–dissociative amnesia, dissociative
fugue, dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
 Margie
and her brother were
recently victims of a robbery.
Margie was not injured, but her
brother was killed when he resisted
the robbers.
 Margie was unable to recall any
details from the time of the
accident until four days later.
Dissociative Amnesia
Memory loss the only symptom
 Often selective loss
surrounding traumatic events
–person still knows identity
and most of their past
Dissociative Fugue
 Amnesia
with a journey involved
– often with identity replacement
– leaves home
– develops a new identity
– apparently no recollection of former life
 If
fugue wears off
– old identity recovers
– new identity is totally forgotten
Dissociative Fugue
Jay, a high school physics teacher in New
York City, disappeared three days after his
wife unexpectedly left him for another
man.
Six months later, he was discovered tending
bar in Miami Beach. Calling himself
Martin, he claimed to have no recollection
of his past life and insisted that he had
never been married.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/15384724#15384724
Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID)
Norma has frequent memory gaps and cannot
account for her whereabouts during certain periods
of time.
While being interviewed by a clinical psychologist,
she began speaking in a childlike voice. She
claimed that her name was Donna and that she
was only six years old.
Moments later, she seemed to revert to her adult
voice and had no recollection of speaking in a
childlike voice or claiming that her name was
Donna.
2
Dissociative Identity Disorder
or more distinct
personalities manifested
by the same person at
different times, VERY
rare and controversial
disorder
 Most report recall of torture or sexual abuse
as children and show symptoms of PTSD

Pattern typically starts prior to age 10 (childhood)
Psychotic Disorders
loss of contact
w/reality- irrational,
distorted
“Psychotic”
Schizophrenia
Disordered
thoughts/
communications/
 inappropriate
emotions, bizarre
behavior
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
–Hallucinations
Seeing &
hearing things
that are not
there
Command
(something/
someone
giving orders)
Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
–Delusions
Persecution
(they’re out to get me’
paranoia)
Grandeur (“God” complex,
megalomania)
being controlled (the CIA is
controlling my brain with a radio
signal)
Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
 disorganized
salad)
speech (e.g., word
– jumping from idea to idea without the
benefit of logical association
– Paralogic—on the surface, seems
logical, but seriously flawed
 e.g.,
Jesus was a man with a beard, I am a man
with a beard, therefore I am Jesus
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
 Disorganized
behavior
– behavior is inappropriate for the situation
e.g., wearing sweaters and overcoats on
hot days
– Emotion is inappropriately expressed
no emotion at all in face or speech,
laughing at very serious things, crying
at funny things
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid
type
delusions
of
persecution,
believes others are
spying and plotting
delusions
of
grandeur, believes
others are jealous,
inferior, subservient
Catatonic type
 unresponsive
to
surroundings,
purposeless
movement, parrot-like
speech
usually marked by
immobility for
extended periods
Disorganized type
–disorganized speech
and behavior
–Childlike
–Inappropriate
emotions
–delusions and
hallucinations with
little meaning
Vulnerability:
•Cognitive
impairments
WHERE DOES IT
COME FROM?
•Social Anxiety
•Odd ideas
PSYCHOSIS!
Early Causes:
Reinforcement:
Genetic
Predisposition
Social stress
Prenatal Factors
Drug/Alcohol
abuse
Isolation
Nature AND
Nurture!
Mood Disorders
Significant and persistent disruption in
mood, causing impaired cognitive,
behavioral, and physical functioning
– Major depression
Dysthymic disorder
SAD
– Bipolar disorder
Major Depression
extreme and persistent feelings of
despondency, worthlessness and
hopelessness that disturb
everyday functioning
Symptoms of Major Depression
 Emotional—sadness,
hopelessness,
guilt, turning away from others
 Behavioral—tearfulness,
dejected facial
expression, loss of interest in normal
activities, slowed movements and
gestures, withdrawal from social
activities
 Cognitive—difficulty
thinking and
concentrating, global
negativity, preoccupation
with death/suicide
 Physical—appetite
and
weight changes, excessive
or diminished sleep, loss
of energy, global anxiety,
restlessness
treatment
•Difficult to sleep,
to eat, to think, to
concentrate
•May have
suicidal thoughts,
may not be able
to carry out plan
Dysthymic Disorder
 Chronic,
low-grade depressed feelings
that are not severe enough to be major
depression
 May develop in response to trauma, but
does not decrease with time
 Usually does not severely impair
functioning
 Over two years
Seasonal Affective
Disorder
Episodes
of depression
occur in fall and winter then
subside in spring and
summer (Seasonal
regularity)
Bipolar Disorders
 Mood
levels swing from severe
depression to extreme euphoria
(mania), can have “normal” in
between
 No regular relationship to time of
year (SAD)
 Can vary in length of time for
depression and mania
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
Must have at least
one manic episode
– Supreme selfconfidence
– Grandiose ideas
and
movements,
little effort in
carrying out
plans
– Flight of ideas
Aggressive,
hostile, wild,
incomprehensible,
violent
PET scans show that brain energy
consumption rises and falls with
emotional swings
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state