Transcript Mar-31-PPT

Psychology 320:
Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences
March 31
Lecture 62
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Office Hour Invitations
April 4, 11:30-2:30, Kenny 3102
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Reminders
1. Paper:
Topic due date: March 17 (Option A or B, 3-5 sentence
summary; e-mail to your TA for approval).
Paper due date: April 4 (note the extended due date).
Questions?
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2. Please complete your evaluation for this course. Your
evaluation will be anonymous and secure.
To date, 12% of students have completed the evaluation.
(Goal: 60% completion rate!)
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3. As noted in the syllabus, the contents of Chapter 15
(Treatment for Mental Disorders) will not be
discussed in class. Nevertheless, you are
responsible for this material for the April exam.
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A little R&R ….
(Review and Reflect)
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Mental Health
1. Are there sex differences in personality disorders?
(continued)
2. Are there sex differences suicide?
3. What “methodological artifacts” may contribute to sex
differences in mental health?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. identify gender biases in the diagnostic criteria for
personality disorders.
2. discuss sex differences in rates of suicide and suicide
attempts.
3. identify factors associated with suicide among males and
females.
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4. explain the “gender paradox” related to suicide.
5. discuss methodological artifacts that may contribute
to sex differences in mental health.
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Are there sex differences in personality disorders?
(continued)
• Sex differences have been documented in the rate of
prevalence of most (9/10) personality disorders.
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Are there sex differences in suicide?
• Suicide is the second leading cause of death of males
and females between the ages of 15 and 24 in Canada
(Statistics Canada, 2005).
• Suicide is more common among males than females
across the life span:
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Suicide Rate by Sex and Age
(Statistics Canada, 2012)
30
20
Females
Males
15
10
5
84
80
to
74
70
to
64
60
to
54
50
to
44
40
to
34
30
to
24
to
20
to
14
0
10
Suicide Rate
Per 100,000 People
25
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• Males are more likely than females to use firearms.
Females are more likely than males to use poisons.
• For any given method, suicide attempts are more likely
to be fatal among males than females (Canetto &
Lester, 1995).
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• Sex differences in suicide rates have been observed in
other countries:
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Sex Differences in Suicide Across Diverse
Countries (World Health Organization, 2010)
Country
Male:Female
Suicide Ratio
Country
Male:Female
Suicide Ratio
China
0.88
Italy
3.54
India
1.34
United Kingdom
3.61
Sweden
2.18
Australia
3.80
Japan
2.61
United States
3.93
Denmark
2.73
Luxembourg
4.12
Germany
2.98
Ireland
4.58
Thailand
3.16
Chile
5.12
Canada
3.20
Mexico
5.23
Austria
3.22
Belize
8.38
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• Among the factors that are associated with suicide are:
 Social status.
 Depression.
 Marital status.
 Unemployment.
 Sexual orientation.
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• Although males commit suicide more frequently than
females, females attempt suicide more often than
males.
• Three explanations have been offered for this paradox:
1. The underreporting of suicide attempts among males.
2. The underreporting of suicide among females.
3. Gender roles.
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What “methodological artifacts” may contribute to sex
differences in mental health?
1. Clinician bias.
2. Response bias.
3. Criteria bias (i.e., differential item functioning).
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DSM-V Criteria for Major Depressive
Disorder (APA, 2013)
 Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.*
 Markedly diminished interest in activities.*
 Significant weight loss or weight gain.
 Insomnia or hypersomnia.
 Psychomotor agitation or retardation.
 Fatigue or loss of energy.
 Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt.
 Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness.
 Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or a suicide attempt.
* One of these symptoms must be included in the five symptoms.
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. identify gender biases in the diagnostic criteria for
personality disorders.
2. discuss sex differences in rates of suicide and suicide
attempts.
3. identify factors associated with suicide among males and
females.
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4. explain the “gender paradox” related to suicide.
5. discuss methodological artifacts that may contribute
to sex differences in mental health.
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