Transcript The endocrine system - Liceo Scientifico Fermi (CS)

Matteo De Rose e Francesco Fotino
IV A anno scolastico 2014/2015
The endocrine system controls the way your body functions. It
produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to
maintain your tissues and organs.
Areas governed by the endocrine system:
Reproduction
Responses to stress and injury
Growth and sexual development
Body energy levels
Internal balance of body systems
Bone and muscle strength
Hormones
are
chemical
messengers that are secreted
directly into the blood, which
carries them to organs and tissues
of the body to exert their
functions.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM’S GLANDS
Glands are located throughout various parts of the human body. These glands take on
the critical task of releasing hormones, and together, they form the endocrine system.
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pineal Gland
Testes
Ovaries
Thyroid
Adrenal Glands
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland produces several
hormones.
The front part of it, commonly called the
anterior pituitary, produces the following
types of hormones:
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
The front part of it (posterior
pituitary) produces:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hypotalamus
The hypothalamus is in control of pituitary
hormones by releasing the following types of
hormones:
Thyrotrophin-releasing
hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing
hormone
Corticotrophin-releasing
hormone
Gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone
Pineal Gland
The pineal gland releases
melatonin, which helps the body
recognize when it is time to go to
sleep. Researchers continue to
learn more about this gland.
Thyroid
Found in both women and
men, the thyroid controls a
person's metabolism. It is
located in the front of the
neck.
Parathyroid
The parathyroid gland is actually a
group of four small glands located
behind the thyroid gland. This gland is
vital to proper bone development
because it helps control both calcium
and phosphorous levels in the body.
Thymus
This gland secretes hormones that are
commonly referred to as humoral
factors and are important during
puberty.
The role of these hormones is to make
sure a person develops a healthy
immune system.
Adrenal Glands
This gland helps to control blood sugar.
In addition, also helps your body do the
following:
 Promoting proper cardiovascular
function
 Properly utilizing carbohydrates and
fats
Helps distribute stored fat
Promotes healthy gastrointestinal
functions
Pancreas
The main function of the pancreas
is to maintain healthy blood sugar
levels. It is a large gland located
behind the stomach.
Ovaries
Found in women, this gland produces both
estrogen and progesterone, which
promote the development of breasts. They
also help a woman maintain healthy
menstrual periods.
Testes
Found in men, this gland produces testosterone, which
promotes the growth of the penis as a male gets older as
well as facial and body hair. It also deepens the voice of a
male at a certain age. Other functions of testosterone
include:
 Maintaining sex drive
 Promoting production of sperm
 Maintaining healthy levels of muscle and bone
mass
TYPES OF HORMONES
Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into
three classes based on their chemical structure.
POLYPEPTIDES AND
AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES
HORMONES’ ACTION
ATP: provides energy for chemical
reaction.
G proteins, also known as guanine
nucleotide-binding proteins, are a
family of proteins that act
as molecular switches inside cells.
Cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) is
a second messenger important in
many biological processes.
Phosphorylases are enzymes that
catalyze the addition of a phosphate
group from an inorganic phosphate
to an acceptor.
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Tropic hormones are hormones
that have other endocrine glands as
their target.
Non-tropic hormones are
hormones that directly stimulate
target cells to induce effects.
Tropic effects only
Nontropic effects only
Nontropic and
tropic effects
HYPOPHYSIS
The posterior pituitary produces no
hormones
of
its
own.
Rather,
neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
synthesize two hormones: antidiuretic
hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and
oxitocyn.
These are then released into the blood
upon stimulation of the axons.
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Nursing
AnimationsWebPage.html#hormones
THYROID AND METABOLISM
The function of the thyroid gland
is to take iodine, found in many
foods, and convert it into thyroid
hormones: thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
Thyroid cells are the only
cells in the body which can
absorb iodine. These cells
combine iodine and the
amino acid tyrosine to make
T3 and T4.
T3 and T4 are then released into the blood
stream and are transported throughout the
body where they control metabolism
(conversion of oxygen and calories to energy).
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Nursing
AnimationsWebPage.html#hormones
CALCIUM REGULATION
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Nursing
AnimationsWebPage.html#hormones
BLOOD
GLUCOSE
LEVELS
REGULATION
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Nursing
AnimationsWebPage.html#hormones
Androgens stimulate or
the sodium
development
Helpscontrol
and
They
areregulate
glucocorticoids,
which
and the
maintenance
of
male
potassium
ions
in the blood
and
stimulate
metabolism
of lipids
characteristics
bodyproteins,
fluids
and
help regulate glucose
levels in
in vertebrates.
the blood and play a role
Estrogens
are the primary
in decreasing
inflammation.
female
sex
hormones,
important
in
both menstrual and estrous
reproductive cycles.
They
initiate
multiple
systemic
mechanisms that contribuite to the
body’s fight-or-flight response
ADRENAL GLANDS AND STRESS RESPONSE