Transcript Gigantism

Endocrine System
This system secretes different hormones
through a system of glands in order to
regulate the body.
 It regulates components such as:

 Mood
 Growth & Development
 Tissue Function
 Metabolism
The Parts
Pineal Gland
 Pituitary Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Thymus Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Pancreas
 Testis/Ovaries

Pineal Gland
It is located deep in between the
cerebral spheres.
 This gland produces the hormone
known as melatonin.
 Melatonin regulates the sleep cycle and
hormonal changes that usher in sexual
maturity during adolescence.

Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland

anterior lobe:

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
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
growth hormone
prolactin - to stimulate milk production after giving birth
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - to stimulate the adrenal glands
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) - to stimulate the thyroid gland
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - to stimulate the ovaries and testes
LH (luteinizing hormone) - to stimulate the ovaries or testes
intermediate lobe:
 melanocyte-stimulating hormone - to control skin pigmentation

posterior lobe:
 ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - to increase absorption of water into the blood
by the kidneys
 oxytocin - to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate milk
production
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Found in the neck, and is about the
same level as the cricoid cartilage.
 The thyroid participates in the regulation
of the rate of metabolism in the body.
 It principally produces the hormones
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
which regulate metabolism.
 Also it produces calitonin, which plays a
part in calcium homeostasis.

Thyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
It is located underneath the top of the
breast bone.
 It processes a type of white blood cell
known as a T-lymphocyte.
 These white blood cells help cells
destroy invading bacteria, viruses, and
other toxins.

Thymus Gland
Adrenal Gland


They are located on the top of both kidneys.
Cortex
 Outer layer
 Synthesizes corticosteroid hormones from
cholesterol.

Medulla
 The core
 Responsible for giving the person adrenalin by
circulating catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine)
and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
It is located right under the stomach.
 The pancreas makes pancreatic juices
and hormones, including insulin.
 Insulin controls the amount of sugar in
the blood.

Pancreas
Testis/Ovaries

Testis
 Produce Sperm
 Produces male sex hormones, most notable
is the hormone known as Testosterone.

Ovaries
 Secretes both estrogen and progesterone.
Testis
Ovaries
Gigantism

Abnormal large growth due to an excess
of growth hormone during childhood

Causes = benign tumor of the pituitary
gland, diseases (Carney complex,
McCune-Albright syndrome,
Neurofibromatosis)
Symptoms
Delayed puberty
 Double vision
 Increased sweating
 Headache
 Irregular periods
 Large hands and feet
 Thick fingers and toes

A. Clinical Photograph
B. Frontal Radiograph
Effects

Health problems = circulatory, skeletal
system

Leads to acromegaly if the epiphyseal
plates have not yet closed
Treatments
Surgery to remove tumor
 Somatostatin analogs = reduce growth
hormone release
 Dopamine agonists = reduce hormone
release, generally less effective
 Pegvisomant = blocks the effect of
growth hormone
 Radiation therapy

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
A condition that affects sexual
development before birth and during
puberty.
 A person who is genetically male (one X
and one Y chromosome) is resistant to
male hormones aka androgens
 Cause = Mutation of the androgen
receptor gene and protein

2 Types
Complete AIS = prevents development
of male body parts, child appears to be
a girl
 Tissues are completely insensitive to
androgens
 Incomplete AIS = both female and male
physical characteristics
 Tissues are insensitive to varying
extents

Symptoms
Complete AIS = no menstruation
 Incomplete AIS = partial closings of
vagina
 Testes in the abdomen
 No cervix or uterus

Effects
Infertile
 Lack of hair throughout the body

Treatments
Surgery and medical treatment
 For Ex: removing testis because they
can develop cancer
 Long-term course of self-dilation =
enlargement of vagina

Discovery



Diabetes one of the first
recordings was in
ancient India.
Sushurta then
discovered a method for
detecting diabetes using
ants.
He observed whether the
ants were attracted to a
person’s urine and called
it “sweet urine disease’’


The ancient Indians also
realized two distinctive
types
Which in 1936 became
type 1 and type 2, by
Harold Himsworth
Type 1
Type 1 is ID as loss
of insulin producing
cells
 There are really no
preventive measures
for type 1 only lead a
healthy life style.

Type 2
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

Type 2 diabetes is
classified by insulin
resistance, which can
be combined by little
insulin secretion.
Type 2 is most
common.
In the early stages type
2 the dominant
abnormality is
hyperglycemia(high
blood sugar). Which
can be controlled by
medication.
“Type 3”
Gestational Diabetes, is
almost like type 2, but only
occurs during pregnancy.
Only 2%-5% of all
pregnancies and the
mother may improve or
disappear after delivery.
 Even though it may be
transient, if untreated GD
can damage the fetus or
mother. Risks are high birth
weight, congenital cardiac
and central nervous system
anomalies, and skeletal
muscle malformations.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are frequent
urination, frequent thirst , and increased hunger.

Symptoms may generate more rapidly in type 1
diabetes, especially children. But in type 2
symptoms may develop slower, and may be very
small to even notice.

Type 1 can also cause rapid weight loss and
mental fatigue.
Diabetic Neuropathy


High blood sugar can injure
nerve fibers throughout your
body, but diabetic neuropathy
most often damages nerves in
your legs and feet.
Depending on the affected
nerves, symptoms of diabetic
neuropathy can range from
pain and numbness in your
extremities to problems with
your digestive system, urinary
tract, blood vessels and
heart.
Prevention
Healthy lifestyle
DUHH
 Type 1 however is
depended on
genetics
unfortunately and an
unknown
environmental trigger.

TYPE 1 DIABETES
Type 1: body naturally
doesn’t make insulin
or makes too little
 Can’t be cured
 Treated with insulin
shots, exercise, diet
modification, and
avoiding alcohol and
cigarettes

Insulin
 Usually meant for type 1
diabetes. Rarely used for
type 2 unless it’s really
bad
 Taken around meal times
to help the body absorb
the sugars the food gives
 Short acting insulin
 Long acting insulin
TYPE 1 DIABETES
Types of Insulin

Short acting
 Usually for meals
 Lasts 2 to 3 hours,
but the time varies

über short acting
 Lasts for 1 to 2 hours

Long acting
 Used to prevent
hypoglycemia (too
little sugar in the
blood) over a long
period of time
(sleeping)
TYPE 2 DIABETES
The body is unable to
use insulin
 Can be cured
 Treated with exercise,
diet modification,
avoiding alcohol and
cigarettes, and weight
loss

TYPE 2 DIABETES
Non Traditional Treatments

Though it is not
completely proven,
cinnamon is thought
to lower blood
glucose levels in type
2 diabetes patients
who are not receiving
other treatments.
However, this is not a
cure and it isn’t
proven
Ancient Chinese Secret!



Acupuncture is another
method which may lower
the blood sugar levels in
type 2 diabetes patients.
It’s based on an an
imbalance of yin and
yang, and thus, an
abnormal qi
Acupuncture can be
done to many points on
the body, but like
cinnamon, this doesn’t
cure diabetes and is not
an official treatment