Transcript Endocrine

Endocrine System
Major Endocrine Organs
Background
Hormones
Hormonal
Control
Thymus
of
activity—half-life,
hormone
release
Chemistry
Mechanism
Target
Pituitary
Anterior
Posterior
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal
gland
cell
gland
glands
pituitary
(hypophysis)
pituitary
specificity
of
glands
action—increase
hormones
hormones
or decrease
1.
Endocrine:
Ductless,
secrete
hormones
into
2.
Types
of
stimuli:
Humoral
(glands
release
3.
Overview
of
second-messenger
systems
1.
Hormonal
effects
++
onset
and
duration
5.
Direct
gene
activation
rates
of
normal
cellular
activity
2.
8.
3.
e.
i.
c.
Renin-angiotensin
ADH
Increases
Signs
Connections
Gonadotropins:
(antidiuretic
of
DM:
Ca
between
i.
Polyuria,
absorption
FSH
hormone):
mechanism:
and
posterior
ii.LH:
by
Polydipsia
a.a.
intestine
Inhibits
JGA
Regulate
pituitary
release
&
oriii.
&
1.
Half-life—measure
of
hormonal
persistence
2.
Mechanisms
that
transduce
hormonal
7.
Regulation
of
insulin:
Humoral
response
to
Oxytocin:
a.
Stimulates
smooth
muscle
5.
Growth
hormones
++
surrounding
tissue
fluid,
vascular
or
3.
1.
Connections
Same
sex
hormones
between
as
ant.
those
pituitary
produced
&
hypoby
2.
Factors
affecting
target
cell
activation
1.
Typically
negative
feedback:
Hormone
Effects:
Insulin:
hypoglycemic
hormone
&
9.
Types
of
DM:
Type
I:
Insulin
dependent
DM
hormones
in
direct
response
to
changing
d.
Glucocorticoids
(type
of
corticosteroid):
i.
Two
endocrine
glands:
a.
Adrenal
medulla
3.
Parathyroid
hormone:
a.
Controls
Ca
Classification
2.
Thyroid
hormone
(TH):
Two
metabolically
a.
Hormone
binds
plasma
membrane
receptor
a.
Alter
plasma
membrane
permeability
6.
Insulin
effects:
a.
Lower
blood
glucose
(
3.
Metabolic
disturbances
with
thyroid
gland
a.
Steroid
hormones
are
lipid
soluble
(pass
1.
General
characteristics:
a.
Connected
to
f.
Regulates
Anterior
pituitary
tissue
isBP
the
Master
and
development,
gland
hypothalamus:
gonads,
prevents
(stimulates
renin
Polyphagia,
in
response
b.
urine
FSH
conversion
d.
Polyuria:
production,
a.
stimulates
Posterior
togrowth
of
decrease,
i.hormones):
vitamin
Excessive
gamete
b.
israte
In
an
response
outgrowth
D
initiates
production
into
glucose
toof
4.
Calcitonin:
a.
Lowers
blood
calcium
levels,
in
blood
stream
depends
on
of
synthesis
b.
Mineralocorticoids
(type
of
corticosteroid:
g.Gonadocorticoids(Sex
Structure
primarily
1.
1.
Two
Large
pairs
in
of
children,
glands
decreases
in
the
posterior
with
age
aspect
signal
into
an
intracellular
change
increased
circulating
glucose
contraction,
b.
Muscle
response
depends
on
f.
1.
Addison’s
Mediated
disease:
by
specific
hyposecretory
protein
receptors
disorder
4.
Examples
of
signaling
mechanisms
lymphatic
drainage
receive
hormones,
thalamus:
a.
Anterior
lobe
is
derived
from
adrenal
cortex
secretion
a.
Hormonal
is
triggered
levels
in
response
to
a
Glucagon:
hyperglycemic
hormone
7.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH):
a.
(IDDM),
6.
Thyroid-stimulating
autoimmume
destruction
of
(TSH)
β
cells,
1.
Contains
both
exocrine
(GI
enzymes)
&
4.
Other
hormones
(2/6)
have
b.
Cretinism:
hypothyroidism
in
infants
(TH
levels
of
ions
or
nutrients,
e.g.,
PTH
release
in
4.
Adrenal
medulla
(AM):
a.
Chromaffin
cells
e.
Cushing’s
disease:
excess
cortisone:
i.
Influence
metabolism
and
mediate
response
(acts
balance,
as
part
b.
of
Released
the
sympathetic
in
response
NS)
to
&
falling
b.
a.
Amino
acid-based
active
iodine-containing
hormones:
thyroxine
b.
G-protein
signals
effector
to
produce
an
b.
Alter
protein
or
regulatory
molecule
activity:
enhance
a.
membrane
Myxedema:
transport
hypothyroid
of
glucose
disorder
into
chemical
2.
Exocrine:
substances
Have
ducts
secreted
&
nonhormonal
by
cells
into
through
plasma
membrane)
1.
General
characteristics
hypothalamus
(part
of
brain)
by
infundibulum
f.
Effects
of
growth
hormone:
Stimulates
There
are
two
types
of
glands:
Floor
of
3rd
ventricle
within
diencephalons
h.
Abnormalities:
2.
g.
Six
T4
is
hormones
bound
to
as
plasma
well
as
proteins
a
number
(TBG:
of
other
brain
c.
increases
active
cascade
in
LH
kidney
promotes
&
form),
maintains
forming
filtrate
in
solute
f.
production
Hyperparathyroidism
acts
angiotensin
its
concentration,
neural
as
of
a
diuretic
gonadal
connections,
II
formation,
hormones,
(
ADH
i.e.,
is
inhibits
rare
is
b.
d.
b.
Antagonist
to
the
effect
of
parathyroid
and
release,
speed
of
removal
or
degradation
Regulate
electrolyte
concentrations
in
extraa.
Two
lobes
connected
by
isthmus
androgens:
i.
Androstenedione
converted
to
of
the
thyroid
gland
2.
Hormonal
products
important
for
T
cell
G-protein
linked
receptor
activation
of
8.
Diabetes
mellitus
(DM):
Hyposecretion
or
number
of
oxytocin
receptors
in
uterus
and
a.
adrenal
a.
Receptors
cAMP
cortex:
are
i.
localized
Weight
loss,
to
cells
ii.
Reduced
that
are
++
a.
Produced
by
somatotropic
cells
9.
Prolaction
examples
of
endocrine
glands
(pituitary,
epithelial
tissue,
b.
No
direct
connection
2.
Ovaries
produce
estrogens
&
progesterone
stimulus
b.
Number
&
as
of
hormone
receptors
level
on
target
increases,
cell
4.
Glucagon
effects:a.
Breakdown
of
glycogen
Stimulates
adrenal
cortex
to
release
corticoStimulates
normal
growth
&
activity
juvenile
endocrine
onset,
cells
lack
insulin
activity,
long
term
neuroendocrine
targets:
replacement
therapy
prevents,
cannot
reverse
g.
Regulation
by
hypothalamic
hormones
response
to
changes
in
calcium
levels),
(Modified
postgang.
sympathetic
neurons
that
Characterized
by
persistent
hyperglycemia
to
stress,
ii.
Cortisol,
cortisone,corticosterone
Adrenal
cortex
blood
Ca
levels,
c.
PTH
stimulates
osteohormones
(most
hormones)
(T4)
&
triiodothyronine
(T3),
b.
Thyroxine
(T4)
intracellular
message
(second
messenger)
synthesis
(if
body
from
cells),
lack
b.
of
Alter
iodine,
protein
condition
&
fat
is
metabolism,
endemic
or
++
extracellular
products
are
fluids,
directed
that
regulate
to
membrane
metabolic
b.
Once
inside,
hormone
binds
to
intracellular
a.
ADH
and
oxytocin
are
comprised
of
9
aa
(stalklike
connection
between
brain
&
endouptake
of
amino
acids
from
blood
and
their
Endocrine
&
Exocrine
2.
Primary
secretory
product
is
melatonin
*Adolescent
hypersecretion:
Gigantism
Neurons
active
FSH
released
thyroxine-binding
(Ca
which
water
and
is
reabsortion),
stimulates
molecules
leached
in
LH
from
supraoptic
work
hypothalamus
from
aldosterone
in
globulin)
ii.
concert
bones
Increased
&
paraventricular
&
and
to
(hypothalamus
transported
release
cause
urine
replaced
follicle
from
output
by
to
hormone:
Inhibits
calcium
release
from
bones
Onset
of
effect
is
dependent
on
hormone
cellular
fluid,
aldosterone
is
most
abundant,
it
b.
Follicles:
Follicle
cells
produce
thyroglobin
testosterone
&
dihydrotestosterone,
ii.
Small
2.
maturation
Chief
cells
(principal
(thymopoietins
cells)
&
secrete
thymosins)
PTH:
intracellular
second
messengers
(amino
acidhypoactivity
of
insulin:
a.
Excessive
hyperbreast
(number
of
receptors
increases
during
plasma
influenced
b.
PIP-Calcium
glucose
by
a
&
given
sodium
signal
hormone
mechanism
levels,
iii.
Severe
b.
Stimulates
most
cells
to
grow
&
divide
a.
Stimulates
milk
production
thyroid,
parathyroid,
adrenal,
pineal
&
between
(sexual
maturation
post.
pituitary
&
menstrual
or
hypothalamus,
cycle)
c.
c.
Receptor
affinity
(can
be
up
or
down
target
organ
is
affected
&
further
to
glucose
(glyconeogenesis),
b.
Synthesis
of
steroid
hormones
(Glucocorticoids
offset
of
thyroid
gland
cardiovascular
&
neural
problems
2.
Pancreatic
islets
(islets
of
Langerhans)
a.
PRL:
Prolactin
effects),
c.
Graves’
disease:
Hyperthyroid
(negative
feedback):
neural
(nerve
fibers
stimulate
hormonal
secrete
epinephrine
&
NE),
b.
Initial
response
(steroid
diabetes),
ii.
Loss
of
muscle
&
bone
iii.Only
cortisol
secreted
in
significant
amount
2.
Response
to
stressful
conditions
clast
activity
(digest
bone
matrix
&
release
b.
Steroid
hormones
(gonadal
is
produced
by
thyroid
gland,
c.
Triiodoc.
Second
messenger
mediates
cellular
c.
Activate
or
inactivate
enzyme
Inhibits
breakdown
of
glycogen,
d.
Triggers
colloidal
goiter,
colloid
is
made
but
cannot
be
++
function
surfaces
of
other
cells
in
the
body
receptor
(activated
complex
is
formed)
(differ
only
in
the
identity
of
2
residues)
crine
system),
b.
Two
major
lobes:
Posterior
&
incorporation
into
proteins,
stimulates
sulfur
3.
Pineal
gland
receives
indirect
inputs
from
*Adult
hypersecretion:
Acromegaly
(tissues
target
Tropic
tissues(bind
hormones
target
(4/6):
Regulate
tissue
receptors,
secretory
T3
nuclei
to
has
connective
adrenal
causes
mature
osmoreceptors),
of
dehydration
cortex,ii.
hypothalamus
(LH
tissue,
causes
Direct
elevated
&
c.
egg
decreased
ADH
stimulation
give
to
blood
causes
rise
be
extruded
to
Bd
Ca
by
hypothalkidney
volume,
plasma
from
by
osteoclast
activity
&
stimulates
calcium
type
(steroid:
hours
to
days)
reduces
excretion
of
sodium
from
the
body,
&
amounts
lumen
stores
of
estrogens,
colloid
iii.
(thyroglobin
Adrenal
cortex
in
sex
parathyroid
hormone
based
hormones)
glycemia
triggers
sym.
response
(activates
pregnancy
&
afferent
impulses
as
uterus
dehydration
b.
Hormones
&
hypotension,
act
as
molecular
triggers
++
++
c.
Major
targets
are
bones
and
muscles
b.
PRH
and
PIH
(serotonin
and
dopamine)
thymus)
&
some
organs
also
have
discrete
connection
(hypophyseal
portal
3.
Testes
produce
testosterone
(sexual
hormone
regulated
release
based
is
on
inhibited.
microenvironmental
glucose
from
lactic
acid,
fatty
acids
&
amino
effects
of
stress),
b.
Its
release
is
controlled
Type
b.
II:
Tropic
Non-insulin
hormone
dependent
DM
(NIDDM),
a.
Two
populations
b.
GH:
Growth
hormone
pathology,
autoimmune
disease,
abnormal
•Vascular
GHRH:
growth
hormone
releasing
hormone
release,
e.g.,
sympathetic
activated
release
of
to
stress
is
mediated
by
sympathetic
NS,
c.
protein,
iii.
Water
&
salt
retention,
iv.
“moon”
iv.
Non-stress:
CRH,
ACTH,
cortisol
release,
Ca
Adrenal
),
d.
cortex:
Enhances
a.
Corticosteroids
Ca
reabsorption
(steroids,
by
and
adrenocortical
hormones)
thyronine
(T3)
is
formed
at
target
tissue
(T4
is
response
hormone
(signaling
cascades
&
d.
Induction
of
secretory
activity
iodinated
enzymatic
to
activity
make
functional
(oxidation
hormone,
of
glucose
TSH
for
c.
Activated
complex
passes
into
nucleus
and
b.
Released
in
response
to
neural
signals
anterior,
c.
Posterior
lobe
+
infundibulum
=
uptake,
mobilizes
fats
from
fat
deposits,
visual
system
still
sensitive
to
GH
grow
disproportionately)
activity
is
bound
of
more
other
readily,
endocrine
h.
Regulation:
glands:
Falling
amic-hypophyseal
follicle),
tubules
asversely
sodium
iii.
Electrolyte
to
and
e.
affects
reabsorb
LH
potastium
stimulates
loss
NS
tract
with
more
and
ions,
excretion
(hormones
interstitial
contributes
water,
iii.
ACTH:
d.
of
At
synthesis
cells
excess
to
high
at
very
of
uptake
and
incorporation,
calcium
acts
as
a
3.
Duration
is
generally
short
(
e.gmetabolism)
20
minutes)
stimulates
reabsortion
of
sodium
in
the
distal
association
with
iodine)
hormones
is
only
fraction
of
gonadal
sources,
b.
Direct
gene
activation
(steroid
hormones)
systems
associated
with
hypoglycemia),
stretches
during
pregnancy
signals
release
of
d.
Anabolic
hormone
(promotes
c.
Levels
parallel
those
of
estrogen
areas
of
endocrine
tissue
as
well
as
exocrine
veins),
d.
Releasing
&
inhibiting
hormones
maturation
&
sex
drive)
conditions)
acids,
c.
Release
of
glucose
from
liver
by
CRH
(Corticotropin-releasing
hormone:
a
c.
Controlled
by
hypothalamus
usually
i.
Alpha
after
cells—produce
the
age
of
40,
90%
glucagons
of
DM
cases,
antibodies
that
mimic
TSH,
exophthalmus
(somatocrinin)
catecholamines
from
adrenal
medulla)
&
Activation
of
AM
&
associated
release
of
EPI
face,
v.
Redistribution
of
body
fat
(
e.g.,
buffalo
negative
feedback,
v.
Stress:
Sympathetic
NS
more
than
two
dozen,
synthesized
from
kidney
tubules,
converted
into
T3),
d.
Increases
metabolism
in
protein
kinases)
e.
Stimulate
mitosis
secretion
ATP
production,
increase
synthesis
to
stimulateTH
&
storage
production,
of
++
binds
to
specific
DNA
sequences
from
hypothalamus
neurohypophysis,
d.
Anterior
lobe
(adenodecreases
rate
of
glucose
uptake
and
4.
SCN
has
melatonin
receptors
*Adult
hyposecretion:
Little
effect
(progeria:
•in
testes
doses,
levels
formation
high
ketones
TSH:
secretory
levels
trigger
to
Thyroid-stimulating
ADH
(-signal
produce
of
charged),
of
causes
cells
kidney
TSH
ACTH,
of
testosterone,
release,
vasoconstriction
stones
hypothalamus:
e.Polydipsia:
aldosterone
rising
hormone
as
excess
f.mediated
levels
secretion
LH
dehydration
oxytocin
&
(Causes
Ca
FSH
of c.
is
is
humoral
for
calcitonin
release
although
depends
on
hormone
type
tubule
of
kidney),
c.4
Mechanisms
controlling
c.
Thyroid
hormone
is
derived
from
iodinated
iv.
Possible
role
in
onset
of
puberty
(levels
b.
Lipidemia:
i.
Fats
mobilized
to
use
as
oxytocin
during
late
stages
of
pregnancy),
e.
Growth-promoting
effects
are
tissue
(pancreas,
gonads
&unuseable
hypothalamus)
4.
Release
by
of
hypothalamus
gonadal
hormones
are
carried
is
regulated
by
5.
Regulation
of
glycogen:
Humoral
response
hypothalamic
hormone
having
a
diurnal
i.
TRH—thyroid
releasing
hormone
most
ii.
patients
Beta
cells—produce
are
overweight,
insulin
genetic
link,
•secreted
GHIH:
(growth
hormone
inhibiting
hormone
hormonal
(release
of
hormones
in
response
to
&
NE
prolong
sym.
response
(High
BP
&
HR,
hump),
vi.
Anti-inflammatory
effects
mask
overrides
inhibitory
effect
of
elevated
cortisol
cholesterol),
most
tissues
by
stimulating
glucose
glycogen,
conversion
of
glucose
to
fat
&
its
follicles
accumulate
more
colloid),
d.
Association
with
DNA
sequence
turns
on
hyophysis)
is
comprised
of
glandular
tissue
metabolism
(diabetogenic
effect:
elevation
of
occurs
when
deficit
is
severe)
•&
thyroxine
ACTH:
Adrenocorticotropic
inhibits
TSH
release
hormone
&
conditions
in
release
increases
deposited
increased,
stimulate
antidiuretic
is
thirst
controlled
systolic
in
iv.
kidney
ANP:
hormone)
center
BP)
Atrial
tubules),
by
in
&
the
&
brain,
e.
natriuretic
c.
Diabetes
hypothalamus
When
g.Hypoparathyrf.
Polyphagia:
neurons
peptide:
insipidus
aldosterone
secretion
thyroglobin
rise
during
years
preceding
onset)
cellular
food,
ii.
FA
metabolites
accumulate
as
Hormonal
trigger
for
milk
ejection
&
d.
indirectly
(IGFs:
Insulin-like
growth
factors
portal
by
gonadotropins
system
to
anterior
pituitary
(regulate
to
decreased
blood
glucose
rhythm)
&
c.
Feedback
inhibition:
rising
insulin
ii.
is
Feedback
produced
inhibition
in
inadequate
quantities
(somatostatin)
other
hormones,
e.g.,
hypothalamic
releasing
mobilization
of
glucose&shunt
blood
from GI)
infection
levels
&
triggers
CRH
release,
vi.
Gluconeooxidation,
e.
Increases
adrenergic
receptors
storage
gene
(gene
sequence
is
transcribed)
e.
Highly
vascular
blood
glucose)
*Adolescent
hyposecretion:Pituitary
dwarfism
•fire,
which
FSH:
there
Follicle-stimulating
is
increased
energy
hormone
requirements
(GnRH)
(tasteless:
oidism:
when
i.
Glucose
hormones
BP
&
PTH
is
g.
cannot
deficiency
high,
Negative
deficiency
are
heart
be
released
used
in
feedback
release
following
ADH
because
into
secretion
ANP
inhibition
capillary
injury
ittocannot
inhibit
with
orbed
d.
Parafollicular
cells
produce
calcitonin
ketone
bodies,
iii.
Bd
pH
drops
(ketoacidosis),
Positive
feedback
mechanism
produced
by
liver
and
other
tissues)
activity
of
secretory
cells
in
ant.
Pituitary)
Home
Exit
glucocorticoids
inhibit
CRH
secretion
iii.faulty
GHIH
also
inhibits
or
with
receptors
and
inhibiting
factors)
genesis:
Conversion
of
fats
into
glucose
in
blood
vessels,
BASIM
ZWAIN
LECTURE
•inLH:
regulates
output
causes
surgical
renin
be
posterior
absorbed
Lutenizing
and
of
TRH
removal
huge
FSH
aldosterone
pituitary
release
by&amounts
cells,
hormone
LH
(increased
release
from
ii.
secretion
Results
ofhypothalamus
urine
NS NOTES
excitability)
in
& hunger
thirst)