Transcript Chapter 1 Notes

Unit 1: Structure & Function
I.
Basic Terminology
A. Anatomy – the study of body structure
(ana = up, tomy/tomo = to cut)
1. gross – large
2. microscopic – at the cellular or tissue
level
B. Physiology – the study of body function
(physio = function, ology = study of)
Does structure determine function or does function
determine structure?
II. Levels of Organization (structural)
A. Atoms – smallest unit of matter
B. Molecules – made of atoms
C. Cells – smallest unit of living matter
D. Tissues – similar cells with common
function
E. Organs – 2 or more tissues with
specific function
F. Organ Systems – group of organs
with a common purpose
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary – protection (skin)
2. Skeletal – support & protection;
hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
3. Muscular – movement
4. Nervous – respond “quickly” to external & internal stimuli
5. Endocrine – responds “slower” to external & internal
stimuli (glands & hormones)
6. Circulatory – transport & delivery (cardiovascular
& lymphatic)
7. Respiratory – supply O2 and remove CO2
8. Digestive – breakdown of food
Urinary (excretory) – elimination of body waste,
regulate water & salt balance and blood pH
10. Reproductive – produce offspring
9.
III. Life Functions
A. Maintaining Boundaries (external & internal) –
integumentary & cell membranes
B. Movement – muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular,
digestive, urinary, respiratory
C. Responsiveness – nervous and endocrine
D. Digestion – digestive & cardiovascular
E. Metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body
(anabolism - building up, catabolism - breaking
down) – digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular,
endocrine
F. Excretion – digestive and urinary
G. Reproduction – reproductive; regulated by
hormones of the endocrine system
H. Growth – size & number of cells
IV. Survival Needs (in appropriate amounts)
A. Nutrients – energy; carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, vitamins, & minerals
B. Oxygen – 20% of air
C. Water – 60-80% of body weight
D. Body Temperature - 37°C (98°F),
most generated by activity of
skeletal muscles
E. Atmospheric Pressure – breathing
depends on appropriate atm.
pressure
V. Homeostasis
“dynamic equilibrium”
nervous & endocrine systems
A. Control Mechanisms –
receptor  control center  effector
most negative – shut off or decrease stimulus
B. Negative Feedback Examples
1. O2, CO2, glucose, etc. concentrations in the
blood
2. Blood pressure
3. Heart rate
4. Breathing/Respiratory rate
C. Positive Feedback Examples
1. Childbirth
2. Blood clotting
How is the concept of homeostasis (or its loss) related to
disease and aging?
VI. Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position
B. Directional Terms
1. Superior/Inferior (Cephalad/Caudal) –
top/bottom
2. Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) –
front/back
3. Medial/Intermediate/Lateral – middle to side in relation
to midsagittal plane
4. Proximal/Distal – near/far in relation to the trunk or point
of origin
5. Superficial/Deep – toward or away from
body surface; often used to reference
incisions, cuts, or skin
• The gallbladder is located just below the
liver. The directional terms that best
describe this relationship include:
Inferior/Caudal
• The kidneys are located behind the other
abdominal organs. This relationship may
be described as:
Posterior/Dorsal
• The tips of the fingers and toes are
farthest from the origin of these digits, so
they are said to be the most:
Distal
• The entrance to the stomach is nearest
the point of origin or beginning of the
stomach, so this part is said to be:
Proximal
• The ears are located away from the
midsagittal plane or toward the side, so
they are describe as being:
Lateral
• The head of the pancreas is nearer the
midsagittal plane than its tail portion, so
the head part is more:
Medial
• The diaphragm is above the abdominal
organs, so it may be described as:
Superior
C. Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal –
lengthwise/vertical – left & right half
2. Midsagittal –
down the middle – equal left & right
halves
3. Frontal –
vertical dividing anterior & posterior
4. Transverse – cross/horizontal – upper &
lower half
5. Oblique – at an angle
D. Regional Terms
1. Axial – Head & trunk
cepahlic – head
cranial – skull
occipital – posterior head
facial – face
frontal – forehead
orbital/ophthalmic – eye
buccal – cheek
zygomatic – cheek
temporal – side of skull
nasal – nose
oral – mouth
cervical – neck
cutaneous – skin
deltoid – curve of shoulder
scapular – shoulder blade
supraclaviclar – area above clavicle
mammary – breast
thoracic – chest
abdominal – anterior torso below diaphragm
naval/umbilical – area around naval
inguinal - groin
lumbar – back between ribs & hips
pubic - genital
pelvic – lower portion of torso
gluteal - buttocks
2. Appendicular – appendages (arms & legs)
axillary – armpit
brachial – arm
antecubital – front of elbow
cubital – elbow
antebrachial – forearm (elbow to wrist)
carpal – wrist
palmer – palm
digital/phalangeal – fingers/toes
femoral – thigh
patellar – knee
popliteal – area behind knee
crural – leg
sural – calf – back of lower leg
tarsal – ankle
pedal – foot
plantar – sole of foot
E. Body Cavities
1. Dorsal
a. cranial
b. spinal/vertebral
2. Ventral
a. thoracic (diaphragm)
1. mediastinum – in between
lungs; heart
2. pleural – lungs
b. abdominopelvic
1. abdominal
2. pelvic
F. Abdominal Body Divisions
describe location
1. Quadrants – URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ (navel)
2. Regions –
a. epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
b. right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac/inguinal
c. left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac/inguinal
Billy had an appendectomy. The area of the
abdomen in which the appendix is located is
in the lower right side and is known as:
Right iliac
• Jessica had a history of gallstones. The
operation to remove these stones involved
the upper right part of the abdominal cavity
or the:
Right hypochondriac
• Kelsey was injured in an automobile
accident. In addition to a number of
fractures, she suffered a ruptured urinary
bladder. The area involved, in the lower
midline part of the abdomen, was the:
Hypogastric
• Eddie required an extensive exploratory
operation that necessitated incision
through the naval. This portion of the
abdomen is the:
Umbilical