Transcript File

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY
Definition
• Anatomy is the study of the
structure of the human
body.
The Anatomical Position
• The body is standing
upright ,with the eyes
looking forward in a
horizontal plane
(Frankfurt plane) , the
two upper limbs hanging
beside with the palms
looking forwards and the
two lower limbs beside
each other.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
• Sagittal plane is vertical plane that passes
through the body from front to back.
• The median or midsagittal plane is the
vertical plane that divides the body into right
and left halves.
• Coronal plane is vertical plane which pass
through the body from side to side.
• Horizontal (transverse) plane is parallel to the
floor.
Superior
view of
the skull
METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
(1) Systematic anatomy: is studying
the different body systems.
(2) Topographical or regional
anatomy: is studying anatomy of
the body region by region.
Regions of the human body
I- Head and neck
II- Trunk is divided into:
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
4. Perineum
III- limbs:
1. upper limb
2. lower limb
TERMS OF POSITION
TERMS OF POSITION
1.Superior: means nearer to the head.
2.Inferior: means farer from the head or
nearer to the feet.
3.Anterior: means nearer to the front of
the body.
4.Posterior: means nearer to the back of
the body.
5.Medial: means toward or nearer the
midline of the body.
6.Lateral: means away from the midline
or toward the side of the body.
Superior
Median sagittal plane
Paramedian plane
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
Inferior
7- Proximal (A)
means nearer to
the root of the
limb.
8- Distal (B)
means further
away from the root
of the limb.
.
A
B
9- Superficial (A):
means closer to
the surface of the
body(nearer to the
skin).
10- Deep (B):
farther away from
the skin.
A
B
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Flexion: bending anteriorly
(approximation of the two anterior
surfaces of the bone forming the
joint).
Extension: straightening or bending
posteriorly (approximation of the two
posterior surfaces of the bone forming
the joint).
extension
flexion
flexion
extension
flexion
extension
flexion
extension
extension
flexion
Flexion and extension of the
upper limb at shoulder joint
and lower limb at hip joint
Flexion and extension of
the forearm at elbow
joint and of leg at knee
joint
Flexion and extension
of vertebral column at
intervertebral joints
flexion
extension
flexion
flexion
extension
Flexion and
extension of hand
at the wrist joint
Flexion and extension of
the fingers at the
metacarpophalangeal and
the interphalangeal joint
Flexion and
extension of
the thumb
• abduction: movement away from the median
plane
• Adduction: movement toward the median plane
Lateral abduction
abduction
Medial abduction
Abduction of the
middle finger
Abduction and
adduction of the
fingers
adduction
abduction
abduction
adduction
adduction
Adduction and abduction of the
thumb
Circumduction: is a circular movement
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
•Skin.
•Superficial fascia
•Deep fascia
•Muscles.
•Blood vessels.
•Lymph vessels and lymph glands.
•Nerves.
•Bones
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
skin
Superficial
fascia
Deep fascia
Blood vessels
nerves
Muscles
Bones
SKIN
SKIN
• Skin is the outer covering layer of the
body.
• The skin consists of two layers:
• (a) Superficial or outer layer called
the epidermis.
• (b) Deeper or inner layer called the
dermis.
Skin appendages
Skin appendages
1. Hair.
2. Nails
3. Sebaceous glands
4. Sweat glands
Skin and skin
appendages
Functions of skin
1. Covers and protect the
underlying structure.
2. Regulation of body
temperature.
3. Excretion of waste products.
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
• Definition:
• It’s a fibro fatty layer that lies directly under
the skin.
Contents:
•
•
•
•
•
cutaneous nerves
Superficial blood vessels
Lymphatics
Parts of sweat glands and hair follicles.
In some regions the superficial fascia may
contain superficial muscles and mammary
gland(pectoral region)
Deep fascia
Definition :It’s a membranous layer
that lies underneath the superficial
fascia
Functions of deep fascia:
1-the investing deep fascia: it’s the third
envelope of the body.
2-Capsule: it envelopes some organs
forming their capsules.
3-Muscle sheath: it envelopes muscles forming
their sheath and sends septa between
muscles forming Intermuscular septa or
septa between the muscles.
4-It envelopes blood vessels and nerves forming
their sheathes.
5-It envelopes bones forming the periosteum.
6-In some regions of the body, the deep fascia
forms thick bands called retinacula as flexor
and extensor retinacula of the wrist.
DEEP FASCIA
MUSCLES
Definition:
Muscles are the red flesh of the body and
forms nearly half of the body weight
TYPES
a. Smooth muscle tissue makes up the
muscular portion of the various visceral
organs (stomach, blood vessels, etc.).
b. Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the
muscular wall of the heart- the
myocardium.
c. Skeletal muscles: attached to and moves
bones
Functions of the muscles
• They produce movements
Parts of skeletal muscles
• The
larger contractile part is called the
belly
• The fibrous part in the form of cord like
structure in fusiform muscles called a
tendon or flattened part called aponurosis
in flat muscles
Skeletal muscle forms
Forms of skeletal muscles
(1)parallel: includes the following forms:
(a) Quadrilateral muscles: as the
Thyrohyoid
(b) Fusiform muscles as biceps.
(c) Strap-like as Sartorius
strap
Quadrilateral
Strap with tendinous
intersections
fusiform
(2)Triangular
The fibers are convergent e. g., the
Temporalis.
Triangular
(3) Pennate
The fibers are oblique and
converge:
(a) unipennate :as palmar interossi
(b) bipennate : as the Rectus
femoris.
(c) multipennate as deltoid muscle.
(d) circumpennate as flexor policis
longus muscle.
unipennate
Bipennate
Radial
Multi-pennate
The human skeleton:
• The human skeleton consists of a
series of bones articulated together
to form joints.
• The human skeleton is divided into:
1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
THE AXIAL SKELETON:
It includes:
1. skull,
2. vertebral column (spine),
3. Ribs and sternum.
NB: The thoracic cage
includes ribs, sternum and
thoracic vertebrae.
The Skull
Vertebral Column
THE APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
FUNCTIONS OF BONES :
(a) Bodily Support: provides a framework for the
human body.
(b) Protection protects certain soft structures
within the human body. An example is the skull,
which surrounds the brain and the thoracic
cage which protect the heart and lungs..
(c) Motion Muscles are attached to and move the
bones .
(d) Formation of Blood Cells (Hematopoiesis).
(e) Storage for salts (e.g., calcium).
TYPES OF BONES
I- According to the shape
Long bone
(femur)
short bone
(tarsal bones)
flat bone
(scapula)
irregular bone
pneumatic bone
( hip bone)
(paranasal sinuses)
According to the shape:
1. Long Bones. Each bone has two ends and a shaft
Example: femur and humerus .
2. Short Bones.
Example: carpal and tarsal bones.
3. Flat Bones. The flat bones are constructed with two
plates of compact bone, which enclose between them
a layer of spongy bone. The spongy bone is richly
supplied with blood vessels and red marrow. Example:
the scapula and the cranial bones.
4. Irregular Bones. The irregular bones are those that
do not fit into the three categories above. Example: a
vertebra.
5. Pneumatic Bones: it has multiple air filled spaces
Example: para nasal sinuses.
Joints
Definition: A joint, or articulation, is the
location where two or more bones meet
Classification
(a) Fibrous Joints
(b) Cartilagenous Joints
(c) Synovial Joints
I- Fibrous Joints
Here the bones are connected
together by a fibrous tissue and
there’s no movement. Ex: sutures
II Cartilagenous Joints
• Here the bones are bounded
together by intervening cartilage and
permit a limited degree of
movement.
• They are of two types:
(1) Primary (Synchondrosis)
(2) Secondary (Symphysis).
(1) Primary (fibrocartilagenous) joint
• A fibrocartilaginous
joint is a joint in
which the bones are
held together by a
hyaline cartilage.
• Example:
Epiphyseal plate in
long bones
Upper epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Lower epiphysis
(2) Secondary cartilagenous
joint
• A secondary cartilaginous joint is a
joint in which the bones are held
together by a fibrocartilage.
• Example: Pubic symphysis and the
inter vertebral disc between bodies of
vertebrae.
III Synovial Joints
Structure
of the synovial joint
1. The articular bones
2. Articular cartilages are hyaline cartilage
covering the adjacent surfaces of articular
bones.
3. Fibrous capsule surrounds the articular bony
parts
4. Synovial membrane lines the inner surface of
the capsule and reflects to cover the articular
bones till the margin of the articular cartilage.
It secretes synovial fluid.
5. Synovial fluid is a colorless, viscous fluid
secreted by synovial membrane. It
lubricates the articular surfaces of bones.
6. Ligaments: are either extracapsular or
intracapsular.
The
extracapsular
ligaments provide additional support to
the capsule while the intracapsular share
in the support of joint
Structure of the synovial joint
Articular bone
Articular bone
The end