Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10)
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Transcript Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10)
Ch. 1 Introduction to the human
body (pp. 3-10)
Study of human body
Anatomy: study of body structure
Physiology: study of body function
Anatomy “cutting up”
Location, what it looks
like
Gross anatomy: study of
body structures visible to
the naked eye
Microanatomy: needs
microscope. Histology is
the study of tissues which
is a type of
microanatomy
Systemic anatomy:
studies body structures
with in a given organ
system like the digestive,
muscular or skeletal
systems
Regional anatomy:
studies all structures with
in a given region of the
body like the head or leg.
Physiology “study of nature”
How does it work
The way the body obtains energy and
manages its use in order to maintain
stability
Directional terms
Anatomical position
(p.6 fig. 1-2) is the
position of a person
standing upright
facing the observer
with arms at sides and
toes and palms turned
forward
Copy table 1-1
Directional terms
Superior (cranial):
towards head
Inferior (caudal): away
from head
Anterior (ventral):
towards the front or belly
side
Posterior (dorsal):
towards the back side
Medial: towards midline
of body
Lateral: away from
midline
Superficial (external):
towards surface of body
Deep (internal): inward
from surface
Proximal: towards
structure’s origin to trunk
Distal: away from
structure’s origin to trunk
Directional terms
EX. Look at wrist and
elbow, the elbow is
proximal with
respect to the wrist
because it is closer to
the point of
attachment to the
trunk.
http://www.whitman.
edu/biology/vpd/anar
ef.html
Body planes
Imaginary flat surfaces
Sagittal
Frontal
Horizontal
Sagittal Plane
Divides body
into left and
right sides
*midsagittal:
equal left and
right
*parasagittal:
non equal left
and right
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body
into anterior
(ventral) and
posterior
(dorsal)
Horizontal (Transverse Plane)
Divides body
into superior
and inferior
Questions
1-30
Structural levels of organization
How the body is
organized from
simple to complex
Atoms molecules
cell tissue
organs organ
systems organism
1. Cells
Formed from combination
of molecules
They are the basic
structural and functional
units of life
Smallest living parts of the
body
Macromolecules “large”
provide structural
foundation
*proteins, fats,
carbohydrates and
nucleic acids
2. Tissue
group of similar cells
combined to perform a
common function. There
are 4 types:
A. epithelial: close
arrangement of cells with
little intercellular
material. Covers body
surface, lines inside of
organs and body cavities,
forms glands.
B. connective:
abundance of
extracellular material
with few cells. Function
in support and binding of
body structures
C. muscle:
specialization to contract
D. nervous: sends
nervous signals
4 Tissue Types
3. Organ
Two or more different
types of tissue which
combine and form a
general function
Organs usually have
distinct shapes
4. System
Organization
of 2 or more
organs and
their
associated
structures
1. Integumentary System
Organs: skin
Function:
protects
underlying
structures and
loss of body
fluid
2. Muscular System
Organs:
Muscles
Function:
movement
3. Skeletal System
Organs: bone
Function:
support and
protection of
softer body
parts
4. Nervous System
Organs: brain,
nerves, spinal cord
Function: controls
homeostasis by
causing muscles to
contract and glands
to secrete
5. Endocrine System
Organs:
pituitary,thyroid,
adrenal,
pancreas, gonads
Function: release
hormones
6. Cardiovascular System
Organs:heart,
arteries,veins
Function:
transport
materials to and
from body cells
7. Lymphatic System
Organs:spleen,
thymus,
tonsils,vessels
Function:
remove dead
cells and
foreign bodies
8. Respiratory System
Organs:
larynx,trachea,
lungs
Function: gas
exchange between
blood and external
environment
9. Digestive System
Organs:
esophagus,
stomach, small
and large
intestines, liver
Function: break
apart food for
absorption to
blood
10. Urinary System
Organs:kidneys,
ureters, bladder,
urethra
Function: control
water and salt
balance.
11. Reproductive System
Organs:testes,
urethra,penis,
ovaries,uterus,
vagina
Function:
production of
new individuals
5. Complete Organism
Composed of many systems, which
depend on one another to perform.
Survival and reproduction are the goals of
the body’s internal activities.
Questions 31-59