Transcript BioMechanics Research Study PowerPoint

Effects on Dual Task Walking
John Nguyen, Hannah Smith-Williams, & Heather Phipps
KINS 3591.02
Introduction
 Proficient Walking
 Heel-forefoot pattern
 Increased stride length
 Increased walking velocity
Literature #1

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945706000285

“Relationships between dual-task related changes in stride velocity and stride time variability in healthy older adults”

Purpose: Observe gait changes, if any, in healthy older adults and see if there’s a relation to attention

45 healthy adults (ages 60-71)

4 experimental conditions


Walking at a normal self pace, walking at a slow self pace, performing a verbal task while sitting, perform a
verbal task while walking
Results:

Significant dual-task decrease in stride velocity

Decrease in walking speed for dual-task walking

Effect of walking speed on stride time

Dual-task gait changes
-increase in stops, lateral deviation, steps, walking time


Verbal task decrease mean stride velocity & stride time, increase stride time variability
Conclusion:

Dual-task related to attention demand of verbal task
-involves cortical regions
Literature #2

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457511001965

“Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the
street”

Purpose: Experts test the impact of pedestrian safety due to distractions

138 college students (ages 17-45)

Four groups:

Crossing while talking on the phone, crossing while texting, crossing while listening to music, crossing
undistracted

Complete 10 trials in virtual pedestrian environment

Results:


Music & text group experienced more “hits” vs. undistracted

All 3 dual-task groups looked away from street environment
Conclusion:

Texting  more cognitively distracting vs. talking

Talking  more cognitively distracting vs. listening to music

Listening to music  constant disruption
Literature #3

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636211008046

“Cell phones change the way we walk”

Purpose: observe participants’ changes, if any, of walking in 3 conditions

Hypothesis: Cell phone use will negatively influence walking, and texting will lead to greater disruptions

33 participants (age range 26)

Three groups (11 each)

Walking undistracted (WALK), walking while talking on phone (TALK), walking while texting (TEXT)

1 familiarization trial, 2 trails for analysis (a week later)

Results


TEXT group- 61% increase in lateral deviation & 13% increase in linear distance traveled

WALK group- no decrease in walking speed

WALK & TALK group- no increase in linear distance traveled
Conclusion

Texting & talking on cell phones influence walking

Cell phone use  unable to maintain walking speed

Texting  affects safety

Cell phone use affects memory

Dual task walking impacts executive function

Texting condition had greater interference
Purpose
To test the participants ability to walk undistracted, then distracted while doing
dual tasks and observe the changes.
Observing:
 Stride Length
 Step Length
 Gait Velocity
 Cadence
Hypothesis
The subject will show a significant change in the direction they walk along with
consistency when they are performing a dual task walk compared to walking
undistracted.
Methods: Participants
Gender: Female
Age: 20
Weight: 52.16 kg
Height: 157.5 cm
Any Disabilities: No
Experience with Dual-Tasking: Yes
Additional Comments: Walks slightly on the outside of foot
Equipment
 2 Anti Force Plates
 Processing: KWON 3D XP
 10 Camera Vicon System
 Starting Marker
 Labeling: Vicon Nexus
 iPhone4S Cellphone
 Retro Reflective Markers
 Headphones
 Data Collection: 250 Hertz
 2.27 kg Handbag
Procedure
1.
Set-up computer program
2.
Calibration
3.
Put retro reflective markers on designated body segments
4.
Taped reflectors on participant’s attire, if needed
5.
Perform test trial
6.
Removed retro reflective markers (Medial Knee & Medial Ankle)
7.
Participant performed 6 trials of walking
8.
Participant performed 5 trials of dual-task walking
Resultant Body Segments

Pelvis
 Shank
-RASIS=Right Anterior Superior
Illiac Spine
-LASIS=Left Anterior Superior
Illiac Spine
-SAC= back sacrum

Thigh
-RK=Right Knee
-LK= Left Knee
-RH=Right Hip
-LH=Left Hip
-LA=Left Ankle
-RA=Right Ankle
-LK=Left Knee
-RK=Right Knee
 Foot
-RF=Right Foot
-LF=Left Foot
-RT=Right Toe
-LT=Left Toe
-RH=Right Hell
-LH=Left Heel
Results: Visual Events
Results
Results
Center of Pressure: Force Plate 1/ Y Axis
Possible Sources of Error
 Only used one age group
 Her personal phone was used
 Texting the same sentence
 Participant was aware of the experiment
Conclusion
Hypothesis was incorrect.
 Little or no significant change in stride length, step length, gait velocity,
and cadence.
 Significant change in center of pressure when normally walking
compared to walking with distractions.
Ways to improve the study:
 Obstacles
 Target
 More participants
 Even gender ratio
 Age range
 Unaware of study’s purpose
References
 Dubost V., Kressig R.W., Gonthier R., Herrmann F.R., Aminian K., Najafi B.,
Beauchet O. (2006). Relationships between dual-task related changes in
stride velocity and stride time variability in healthy older adults. Human
Movement Science, 25(3), pp. 372-382.
 Lamberg E., Muratori L. (2011). Cell phones change the way we walk. Gait &
Posture. 35(4), pp. 688–690
 Schwebel D., Stavrinos D., Byington K., Davis T., O’Neal E., Jong D. (2011).
Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and
listening to music impact crossing the street. Accident Analysis & Prevention,
45, pp. 266–271.
 Texting while walking FAIL -- epic fail compilation[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9H2q6yYKSI
QUESTIONS?!?!?!
Ερωτήσεις ?