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1.4 Linguistic
signs: Morphemes
and lexemes.
What is a
Morpheme?
Often defined as the
smallest linguistics
pieces with
grammatical function.
A morpheme may consist of a
word, such as hand, or a
meaningful piece of a word,
such as the –ed of looked,
that cannot be divided into
smaller meaningful parts.
The morphemes
combine a form (the
way they sound) and
the meaning (what
they mean).
Morphemes can be
compared to pieces of
Lego than can be used
again and again as
building blocks to form
different word.
Example: The noun buyer consists
of two morphemes, buy and –er.
Buy/er
The verbal morpheme
is called a free or
lexical morpheme,
because can occur
as a word by itself.
Is an affix (hence a bound
morpheme that cannot
function as a word on its
own) It requires another
morpheme to appear
before it in a word.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Simple
stem
A stem is a base unit in which another morphological piece
is attached. It can be simple, made up of only one part ,or
complex , itself made up of more than one piece.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Simple
stem
We also can call consider as the root. A root is like a stem in
constituting the core of the word in which other pieces
attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple
units.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Affixes
Affixes means that they are attached to the stem.
Affixes that go before the stem are prefixed.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Prefix
Affixes means that they are attached to the stem.
Affixes that go before the stem are prefixes.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Prefix
A prefix is a letter added to the beginning of a
word that change the meaning of the word.
He are some common prefixes and their
meanings: MEANING
PREFIX
dis-
Not
im-
Not
non-
Not
un-
Not, reverse
in-
Not, without
re-
Again
fore-
Before
pre-
Before
mis-
Not, wrong, or wrongly
with-
From, against
Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an
activity for create new words adding a
prefix .
Due date on August 29, 2011.
Now, in the word
Reconsideration:
Re-/
consider
/-ation
Suffix
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end
of a word that changes the meaning of the word.
He are some common suffixes and their
meanings:
SUFFIX
-less
MEANING
-ish
The qualities of
-ous
Full of
-en
To make
-hood
State of being
-ward
In the direction
-ness
Quality of being
-ment
A means of being
without
He are some common suffixes and their
meanings:
SUFFIX
-ist
MEANING
One skilled in
-tion
Art of
-ful
Full of
-al
Pertaining to
-able, -ible
Able to be
-ly, -y
Like, pertaining to
-or, -er
Person having to do with
-like
Be like
Another examples:
unhappiness
Un- prefix
Happy- root
Ness- suffix
Inputs
In- prefix
Put - root
s- suffix (in this case indicates plural)
Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an
activity for create new words adding a
suffix .
Due date on August 29, 2011.
In the same document, you’ll see a
practice activity for identify morphemes of
the words.
Due date on August 30, 2011.
What is a
Lexeme?
A lexeme is an abstract
unit of morphological
analysis in linguistics, that
roughly corresponds to a
set of words that are
different forms of the same
word.
Lexemes may serve as
the root of more
complex words.
For example, the forms
pockling, pockle and
pockled are different
representations of the
lexeme POCKLE.
They all share a core
meaning although they
are spelled and
pronounced differently.
As an easy way to identify
them, the lexemes are the
vocabulary items that are
listed in the dictionary.
To difference between Morpheme
and Lexeme
Their maniacal little dog
attempted to bite the mailman.
The grammatical morphemes
have been underlined, while the
rest of the words are all lexemes.
Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an
activity to identify lexemes.
Due date on August 30, 2011.
Word
Creation
There are three ways to create
words.
Composition: word formation that creates
compound words. It’s when we have one
or two words and we join them to create
a new one.
Examples: Sailboat, baseball, ice cream,
air –condition, etc.
There are three ways to create
words.
Derivation: Is take an existent word and
we apply diversity (size, gender, etc.)
Prefix
Derivation
Suffix
Examples: slowness, drinkable, re-write.
There are three ways to create
words.
Portmanteau words: When we have a
compound word but in this case, the
word has a contraction.
Example: Spanglish, telethon, Wikipedia.
Activity Time !
In the same document you will find a
practice activity for compound words. Is
really easy.
Due date on August 31, 2011.
Final Activity !
In the Assessments section you will find a
document in which you’ll practice all
learned about morphemes and lexemes.
Good Luck ! 
Due date on September 5, 2011.
Sources
Aronoff, M. & Fudeman, K. (2011) What is
Morphology? Second Edition United Kingdom:
Wiley – Blackwell
Booji, G. (2005) The grammar of words USA:
Oxford University Press.
Katamba, F. (1993) Morphology USA: St Martin’s
Pres Inc