Transcript Orthographic words

Morphology
Talib M. Sharif Omer
Asst. Lecturer, English Department
[email protected]
November28, 2015
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Outline

Morphology
 Orthographic words
 Lexicology
 Words and morphemes
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Morphology
What is morphology ?
• Morphology is the area of grammar that is concerned with the
formation of words.
• Morphology can be termed as the study of morpheme.
• It is the study of the internal structure of words.
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Orthographic words
• An orthographic word is considered as an abstract
unit which has a written sequence of words with a
white space between each of them.
• For example,
Ice-cream as one orthographic word,
Landowner, pocketknife.
However,
Land owner as two orthographic words
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Lexicology
• Lexicology is the study of words(dictionary
form) or standard of words in a language.
• Lexicon: the collection of words (internalized
dictionary) which every speaker of a language has.
• Lexeme: is an abstract unit of the lexicon of a
language which more or less readily identifiable
meaning or function.
• Obviously lexemes prevalent regardless of any
inflectional endings , walk, walking, dog, dogs
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Activity
Which ones of the following words belong to the same lexeme?
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•
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•
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See
Boy
Sees
Tall
Taller
Seeing’
Boys
Tallest
Saw
Seen
Words and morphemes
 WORDS
 In traditional grammar, words were used to be the
fundamental unit of analysis.
 A word can be defined as the smallest language item
that can occur on its own( Thornbury,2006). For
example, wallpaper, tarpaulin.
 It is the smallest unit of the syntax (Aronoff,2013).
 Norman(1981) ‘A word is the smallest segment of
speech that can be used alone’.
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Words
• However, the matter is really complex !
• what about (not, a, the , with)!
• What counts as a word?
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Types of words
Content words VS. Functions words:
A- Content words
B -function words
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Types of words
• Content words: that have meaning,
refer to objects, events, and abstract concepts
to convey information.
happy, sad ,
pen, book,
ideology, unruly
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Types of words
• Function words: also have meaning but in a
different way (Function words are best
defined by their grammatical functions). For
example, the, an
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The combination of words
• -Simple words
• -Compound words
• -Complex words
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The combination of words
 Simple words: consists of a single free morpheme such
as car, hit, wide
 Compound word: it composes two simple words (2 or
more simple words).
Examples: doghouse, outside, undergraduate,
• Happy-go-lucky
 Complex words: it contains two bound forms or
abound or a free form.
• Examples: '' exclude''
• Examples for bound and free form is '' telephone'',
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Morpheme
What is morpheme?
• 1-A morpheme is the smallest indivisible units of
semantic content or grammatical function.
• 2-Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning or
grammatical function that are used to create new
words.
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Morpheme
For example,
• Uncle , Under ,book, car , house
e.g. collectors, helpers
carpet !
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Issues with the 1st & 2nd definitions
• There are many complex English morphemes
can be broken down and some of them may
have not independent meaning such as
(Untidy- Unable, Cranberry, cran)
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The general criteria of morphemes
1-It is a word or part of a word that has
meaning.
2-It cannot be decomposed into further smaller
meaningful parts without violation with its
meaning.
3-They have the same meaning in different
environments.
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Activity
Classify the following words: use S for simple and Cx for complex f and
C for compound words.
1-enable
11-airsrikes
2-purist
12-afternoon
3-refusal
13-butterfly
4-pure
5-nudge
6-bicycle
7-oyster
8-sweetheart
9- cars
10-pickpocket
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Question
• Can a morpheme be represented by a single word ?
• Can a word be represented by a single morpheme?
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Ends & Thanks
Any comments and questions?
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References
Stageberg, N(1981) An introductory to English Grammar. USA
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281403777X
https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/branches/morphology/what-ismorphology
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