Transcript Chapter8

PowerPoints to accompany
Strategies for Reading Assessment
and Instruction: Helping Every
Child Succeed
by
Reutzel and Cooter
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 8
Phonics and Word Attack Skills
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Background Briefing for Teachers
 Definition of phonics
1. a way of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol-sound relationships, used
especially in beginning instruction.
2. the sound-symbol relationships between spoken and written language.
 Importance of phonics instruction
http://www.nrrf.org/84_ltrs_phnmc_aware.html
 Research base on phonics
 http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/brain.shtml
 Need for explicit and systematic phonics instruction
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Approaches to Phonics Instruction
 Synthetic
 In this instructional approach, children learn how to convert letters
or letter combinations into a sequence of sounds, and then how to
blend the sounds together to form recognizable words.
 Embedded
 In this approach, children learn vocabulary through explicit
instruction on the letter-sound relationships during the reading
of connected text, usually when the teacher notices that a child
is struggling to read a particular word. Letter-sound
relationships are taught as part of sight word reading. If the
sequence of letter-sounds is not prescribed and sequenced, but
is determined by whatever words are encountered in text, then
the program is not systematic or explicit.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Approaches to Phonics Instruction
 Analogy-based
 In this approach, children are taught to use parts of words they have
already learned to read and decode words they don't know. They
apply this strategy when the words share similar parts in their
spellings, for example, reading screen by analogy to green. Children
may be taught a large set of key words for use in reading new words.
 Analytic
 In this approach, children learn to analyze letter-sound
relationships in previously learned words. They do not pronounce
sounds in isolation.
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Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Approaches to Phonics Instruction
 Spelling-based
 In this approach, children learn to segment words into
phonemes and to make words by writing letters for
phonemes.
 Systematic and explicit phonics instruction
 The most effective way to teach phonics. A program is
systematic if the plan of instruction includes a carefully
selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized
into a logical sequence. Explicit means the programs provide
teachers with precise directions for the teaching of these
relationships.
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Phonics They Will Use
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The C rule
The G rule
The CVC generalization
Vowel digraphs
The VCE final E generalization
The CV generalization
R-controlled vowels
( See page 208)
Phonics on the Web
http://www.phonicsontheweb.com/index.php
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Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Special Consonant Rules
 Single consonants
 Consonant digraphs
 Initial consonant blends or clusters
 Double consonants
 PH and the /f/ sound
 Schwa
 Diphthongs
 Y rules
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Research on Other Word Attack Skills
 Onset and rime: “word families”
 Syllabication
 Structural analysis
 Sight words
(page 211)
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Recommended
Scope and Sequence of Instruction
 When and what order? (see page 216)
 Kindergarten
 First grade
 Second grade and above
 Three main accomplishments of good readers
 Understand alphabetic system of English
 Obtain meaning from print
 Read fluently
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Assessing Phonics
and Word Attack Knowledge
 Goal of this assessment
 Beginning assessments
 Running record
 Starpoint phonics assessment
 Reutzel/Cooter word attack survey
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Teaching Strategies:
Tips on Teaching Phonics
Sequence instruction
Use direct (explicit and implicit) instruction
Have daily lessons and review sessions
Focus on one skill at a time
Keep lesson brief (10-15 minutes)
Use easy reading materials
Help students become “wordsmiths”
Adjust the pace of instruction
Link phonics to spelling
Make clear what you want students to do
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Tips on What Not to Do
 Avoid round-robin teaching
 Try not to direct students too quickly
 Avoid drill-and-kill teaching
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Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
13
A List of Appropriate Strategies
for Phonics Instruction
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A format for explicit phonics instruction
Letter-sound cards
Phonics fish card game
Sound swirl
“Button” sounds
Stomping, clapping, tapping, and snapping sounds
Tongue twisters
Creating nonsense words
Word boxes
Word detectives
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Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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