Transcript 投影片 1 - 外语教学与研究出版社 外研社

Addressing Learner
Needs through
Dictionaries
Bernadette Longley
Macmillan Education
What does it mean to ‘know’ a word?
 spelling
 part of speech
 pronunciation
 frequency
 context it is used in
 other words frequently used with it
 regional differences
 meaning
Where do dictionaries come from?
Corpus (语料库)
a collection of written and spoken texts stored
on computer and used for language research
From:
• novels and other creative writing
• newspapers and magazines
• academic writing
• radio and TV broadcasts
• recorded conversations
• websites, blogs, email and chat-rooms, etc.
Corpora size and growth
100 000 000 000
Corpora
size
(in words)
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
How do corpora influence dictionaries?
 selecting headwords- which words to include?
 selecting meanings and their order shown
 identifying and selecting idioms, phrasal verbs, etc
 establishing a ‘defining vocabulary’(释义词汇)
 describing syntax(句法) and collocation(搭配)
 describing style, register(语域) & ‘labels’ (e.g. medical)
 providing example sentences that illustrate usage
Word Frequency: a quick quiz
Q1. How many words make up the English language?
a. over 1 000 000 b. around 500 000 c. around 200 000
Q2. How many words make up 90% of the English
language?
a. 15 500 words
b. 7500 words
c. 100 000 words
Q3. How many words make up 80% of the English
language?
a.
2500 words
b. 5500 words
c. 4000 words
Word frequency and
productive/receptive vocabulary
2500 words
(80%)
Productive
vocabulary
7500 words
(90%)
1 000 000 words
(remainder)
Receptive
vocabulary
How are productive/receptive vocabulary
treated (in MED)?
1. the 7500 most frequent words are shown in red.
2. red words are subdivided into three bands:
= most frequent 2500 words: (have, go, easy)
= most frequent 2501-5000 words: (behave, risk)
= most frequent 5001-7500 words: (boil, credible)
Dealing with complex dictionary entries
1 take someone somewhere
2 spread disease
How many different meanings for:
- bug?
- carry?
3 always have a feeling
4 publish/broadcast something
5 have a guarantee
6 do someone else's work
7 lead to punishment
bug
1 infectious illness
2 computer/program fault
3 sudden enthusiasm
4 for secret listening
5 insect
8 have message/warning
9 vote for and accept
carry
10 support weight
11 involve risk/danger
12 make an aim possible
13 encourage support
14 accept responsibility
15 have goods for sale
16 of smells/sounds
17 develop to certain level
18 in adding numbers
19 be pregnant
20 win election
Complex entries: ‘carry’
Which meaning?
a. His voice doesn’t carry very well.
b. All newspapers carried the story.
c. Dell computers carry a 3-year
guarantee.
d. The driver must carry the blame
for the injury.
e. Cigarette packets must carry a
health warning.
Learning through collocation
Collocation (搭配)
is the way in which two or more words
occur together far more often than
they would do by chance
‘You shall know a word by the company it keeps’
(J.R.Firth)
Learning through collocation
Which of these adverbs are often used with ‘love’?
passionately
dearly
effectively
greatly
strongly
truly
Which words are often used with ‘contact’?
highly
Identifying frequent collocations
of ‘challenge’
1.
whether
they are ready to meet the challenge . When the party w
2.
incial
circuit presents a hell of a challenge. The only advantage
3. n't aware that he had posed a challenge to Ollie, and a si
e was
4.
s wedding.
Now he faces the biggest challenge of his existence
ane5. Broncos, threw down a dramatic challenge - the “fight for the
6. his greatest and most daunting challenge to record breaking W
face
. Now, it is a play
7.
terms,
such as the need for a fresh challenge.
.
8.
&equo.
This presents an immediate challenge Teachers will need
g9.South African will face the real challenge of getting rid of Br
10. would be a need to meet the challenge in order to deal wit
There
11. crusade if we face a similar challenge When we spoke I do
12.can’tcan't
uipment.
Mr Parkinson now faces the challenge to compete last seas
13.
evidently
not enough decency. The challenge which Gandhi posed t
Collocation Boxes: ‘challenge’ (in MED)
Metaphor in everyday language
Metaphor (隐喻 , 比喻 )
Using a meaning that has developed from a
literal meaning to describe something with similar features
Metaphor is usually associated with poetry/literature,
but in fact is present in all types of text
1. The beautiful bird flew in the sky. (literal)
2. She flew past me on her bicycle. (metaphorical)
Metaphor examples
A.
They didn’t get a fair slice of the cake.
This ate into our savings.
The fees have swallowed up my grant.
B.
She is one of the brightest people I know.
He outshines everyone else.
He didn’t say much and seemed a bit dim.
c.
Don’t beat yourself up over this.
They tore my work to pieces.
Don’t jump down my throat!
How is ‘anger’ used metaphorically?
nd
1. sallow skin,
now flushed with
anger ,
and finally at the intelli
s2.the door. Then he looked back,
anger and fear and loathing rising
We're
ready," Yanto growled,
3.
anger beginning to rise again. She
his
cheeks
hot with embarrassment and
4.
anger .
"He has been a perfect gen
anger .
Hayman was right,
his eyes hot with
anger .
He said,
?7.&equo He suddenly exploded into
anger ,
jaw thrust out pugnaciousl
his
8. novel. I lay still,
anger .
Richard had never done any
Manville
5.
fought against a rising
d6.at Mr Evans,
hot with
despite
&bquo And Carrie
Anger: Metaphor Box in MED
Academic Writing
What areas of academic writing do students have
trouble with?
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Identifying and interpreting topic key words
Identifying and evaluating available resources
Avoiding plagiarism
Structuring essays
Writing coherently and cohesively
Knowing & using general academic vocabulary
Revising, editing and proofreading work
How does the MED help?
1. Helpful Academic Writing boxes
2. In-depth 5-page essay with examples, exercises & references
Specific meanings of similar words
Pink Box: beautiful adjective
Words you can use instead of ‘beautiful’
Beautiful is a very general word. Here are
some words with more specific meanings that
sound more natural and appropriate in
particular situations.
Specific meaning: ‘beautiful’
What dictionary skills do your
learners need to develop?
Finding words
quickly
Choosing the
right meaning
Other ???
Understanding
abbreviations, IPA,
stress symbols, etc
Finding out what words go
together / collocations
Knowing how important
the word is
Using it as a resource
for academic writing
Activity 1: ‘Opening up’
•
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Fun activity to train students to find words faster
Trains students to open the dictionary up near the word
they are looking for
Which word is the dictionary open to?
a. memory
solution
b. saddle
tangible
c. effort
locomotive
fragrance
resistance
coastline
negotiate
offense
fizzy
Activity 2: Menu guessing game
• Helps students understand the multiple meanings of words
• Encourages students to find the definition that fits the
particular context they need
a small piece of paper
to govern a country
a slight mistake
to make a decision
to slide/fall
to influence thought
a piece of clothing
to draw a line
slip
rule
Activity 3: Listing collocates
Helps students identify words which frequently occur together.
List three words that you think typically occur with these words.
Then check your dictionary.
1. (nouns) general _______ _______ _______
2. (adverbs) wait _______ _______ _______
3 (adjectives) _______ _______ _______ kiss
4 (verbs) _______ _______ _______ leg
Activity 4: Brainstorming substitutions
• Activating students’ usage of more descriptive language.
a Write down all the words you can think of that mean bad.
b Complete these sentences with a word meaning bad.
Check your dictionary.
1. Her uncle is a rather _______ man.
2. He is a _______ guitarist.
3. Smoking is ________ for you.
4. That film we saw last night was pretty _______ .
5. I’ve got a _______ headache.
Activity 5. Understanding metaphor
•
Exposes students to the metaphorical meanings/patterns
of everyday words and phrases
Which feeling does each sentence refer to?
angry happy
sad
confused
1. They’re having a blazing row
2. I don’t know if I’m coming or going.
3. She was in the depths of despair.
4. I was over the moon that day.
5. We had a heated discussion.
6. My heart sank when I saw him.
7. I feel like a fish out of water.
8. She’s on top of the world.
1. Being angry is like being….
3. Being sad is like being….
2. Being happy is like being….
4. Being confused is like being…
Activity 6: Academic writing
• Sensitises students to the different categories of vocabulary
1. Group these words according to whether they are general,
general academic, or subject-specific vocabulary. Use your
dictionary for help.
manager, current cost accounting,
need,
analyse,
method,
product life cycle,
theory,
achieve,
microorganisms,
fundamental,
clever,
university,
corresponding,
nucleic acids,
alternatively
General vocabulary
manager
achieve
clever
university
General academic
corresponding
alternatively
analyse
method
fundemental
theory
Subject-specific
current cost accounting,
nucleic acids
product life cycle
microorganism
Activity 7: Knowing word frequency
• Helps sensitize students to the importance of frequency
• This activity can be used with any reading passage
Which words are not red words?
America’s fast food industry was founded by entrepreneurs
willing to defy conventional opinion. They worked hard, took
risks, and followed their own paths. In many respects, the
industry embodies the best and worst of American capitalism–
its constant stream of new products and innovations, its
widening gap between rich and poor.
Activity 7: Knowing word frequency
51 words, of which 50 are red words in MED
America’s fast food industry was founded by entrepreneurs
willing to defy conventional opinion. They worked hard, took
risks, and followed their own paths. In many respects, the
industry embodies the best and worst of American capitalism–
its constant stream of new products and innovations, its
widening gap between rich and poor.
A little about the Bilingual MED
Award-winning dictionary
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2002 Duke of Edinburgh ESU English Language Book Award
2004 British Council Innovation Award for English Language Teaching
Next generation of learner’s dictionaries
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Developed by two of renowned lexicographers in dictionary publishingMichael Rundell & Gwyneth Fox
Over 100,000 English / Chinese references & 80 000 example sentences
Packed with outstanding features for language learners
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unique red words- 7500 most common words
original
ranking system to show word importance at a glance
Over 800 innovative Menu Boxes to aid navigation
Over 450 helpful Collocation Boxes
Over 45 unique Metaphor Boxes
Academic writing support with Academic Writing Boxes and 5-page essay
Other Usage Boxes: specific meaning, US/UK differences, grammar points,
common mistakes and more.
What are the MED awards?
2002 Duke of Edinburgh ESU
English Language Book Award
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Presented by the Duke of Edinburgh, president of the English-Speaking Union
Winning book is selected based on originality, innovation and substance
by panel of widely respected judges in the English Language field
2004 British Council Innovation Award
for English Language Teaching
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The highest award in the English Language Teaching profession worldwide
Award is offered to outstanding, innovative language learning resources
Thank you for listening
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