Transcript 24-ch09-2-polymorphism

Building Java Programs
Chapter 9: Inheritance and Interfaces
Lecture 9-2: Polymorphism
reading: 9.2
self-check: #5-9
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Polymorphism
 polymorphism: Ability for the same code to be used with
different types of objects and behave differently with
each.
 System.out.println can print any type of object.

Each one displays in its own way on the console.
 CritterMain can interact with any type of critter.

Each one moves, fights, etc. in its own way.
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Coding with polymorphism
 A variable of type T can hold an object of any subclass of T.
Character rob = new Robot();
 You can call any methods from Character on rob.
 You can not call any methods specific to Robot (e.g.
sayQuote).
 When a method is called on sam, it behaves as a Robot.
System.out.println(sam.getAttack());
System.out.println(sam.toString());
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// 20
// HP: 100
3
Polymorphism + parameters
 Methods can accept superclass types as parameters.
 You can pass any subtype of that superclass.
public class TestCharacters {
public static void main(String[] args) {
KnightWhoSaysNi knight = new KnightWhoSaysNi();
Robot robRobot = new Robot();
basicAbilities(knight);
basicAbilities(robRobot);
}
}
// prints the result of some of the methods in a Character
public static void basicAbilities(Character player) {
System.out.println("toString: " + player);
System.out.println("getAttack: " + player.getAttack());
System.out.println("isAlive: " + player.isAlive());
System.out.println();
}
 OUTPUT:
toString: HP: 100
getAttack: 10
isAlive: true
toString: HP: 100
getAttack: 20
isAlive: true
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Polymorphism + arrays
 Arrays of superclass types can store any subtype as elements.
public class TestCharacters2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Character[] c = { new KnightWhoSaysNi(), new Robot(),
new Sorcerer(), new Oracle() };
for (int i = 0; i < e.length; i++) {
System.out.println("attack: " + c[i].getAttack());
System.out.println("toString: " + c[i].toString());
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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Polymorphism problems
 ~4-5 classes with inheritance relationships are shown.
 A client program calls methods on objects of each class.
 You must read the code and determine the client's output.
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A polymorphism problem
 Assume that the following four classes have been declared:
public class Foo {
public void method1() {
System.out.println("foo 1");
}
public void method2() {
System.out.println("foo 2");
}
public String toString() {
return "foo";
}
}
public class Bar extends Foo {
public void method2() {
System.out.println("bar 2");
}
}
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A polymorphism problem
public class Baz extends Foo {
public void method1() {
System.out.println("baz 1");
}
public String toString() {
return "baz";
}
}
public class Mumble extends Baz {
public void method2() {
System.out.println("mumble 2");
}
}
 What would be the output of the following client code?
Foo[] f = {new Baz(), new Bar(), new Mumble(), new Foo()};
for (int i = 0; i < f.length; i++) {
System.out.println(f[i]);
f[i].method1();
f[i].method2();
System.out.println();
}
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Diagramming the classes
 Add classes from top (superclass) to bottom (subclass).
 Include all inherited methods.
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Finding output with tables
method
Foo
Bar
Baz
Mumble
method1
foo 1
foo 1
baz 1
baz 1
method2
foo 2
bar 2
foo 2
mumble 2
toString
foo
foo
baz
baz
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Polymorphism answer
Foo[] f = {new Baz(), new Bar(), new Mumble(), new Foo()};
for (int i = 0; i < f.length; i++) {
System.out.println(f[i]);
f[i].method1();
f[i].method2();
System.out.println();
}
 Output:
baz
baz 1
foo 2
foo
foo 1
bar 2
baz
baz 1
mumble 2
foo
foo 1
foo 2
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Another problem
 The order of the classes is jumbled up.
 The methods sometimes call other methods (tricky!).
public class Lamb extends Ham {
public void b() {
System.out.print("Lamb b
}
}
public class Ham {
public void a() {
System.out.print("Ham a
b();
}
public void b() {
System.out.print("Ham b
}
public String toString() {
return "Ham";
}
}
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");
");
");
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Another problem 2
public class Spam extends Yam {
public void b() {
System.out.print("Spam b
}
}
public class Yam extends Lamb {
public void a() {
System.out.print("Yam a
super.a();
}
public String toString() {
return "Yam";
}
}
");
");
 What would be the output of the following client code?
Ham[] food = {new Lamb(), new Ham(), new Spam(), new Yam()};
for (int i = 0; i < food.length; i++) {
System.out.println(food[i]);
food[i].a();
System.out.println();
// to end the line of output
food[i].b();
System.out.println();
// to end the line of output
System.out.println();
}
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Class diagram
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Polymorphism at work
 Lamb inherits Ham's a. a calls b. But Lamb overrides b...
public class Ham {
public void a() {
System.out.print("Ham a
b();
}
public void b() {
System.out.print("Ham b
}
public String toString() {
return "Ham";
}
}
public class Lamb extends Ham {
public void b() {
System.out.print("Lamb b
}
}
");
");
");
 Lamb's output from a:
Ham a
Lamb b
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The table
method
Ham
Lamb
Yam
Spam
a
b
toString
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The answer
Ham[] food = {new Lamb(), new Ham(), new Spam(), new Yam()};
for (int i = 0; i < food.length; i++) {
System.out.println(food[i]);
food[i].a();
food[i].b();
System.out.println();
}
 Output:
Ham
Ham a
Lamb b
Ham
Ham a
Ham b
Yam
Yam a
Spam b
Yam
Yam a
Lamb b
Lamb b
Ham b
Ham a
Spam b
Ham a
Lamb b
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Inheritance Mystery Summary
 Draw the inheritance hierarchy
 Create the chart
Start from the top of the hierarchy downward
When you see super.something(), copy the contents of the
superclasses’s something() method into the chart
When you see a (non-super) method call, copy the method call
into the chart




Not the contents of the method call, since this may change
depending on inheritance!
 Use the chart to write the final output
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Building Java Programs
Parameters and References Review
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Parameters - value semantics
 Recall:
 For primitives, parameters are initialized by copying the value
 For objects, parameters are initialized by copying the reference

An “arrow” to the object is copied (not the array or object itself).
 Consequence:
 If you change the primitive variable inside the called method, it
has no effect on the variable in the scope of the caller
 If you change the array or object in the called method, it's the
same array or object that the caller has, so the caller’s objects
change too!
 More practice in section
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