Transcript League of Nations

■Essential Question:
–What were the major provisions
of Wilson’s 14 Points & the
Treaty of Versailles?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What were the purposes of the
WIB & CPI during WWI?
–Which group was more affected
by WWI: African-Americans,
Women, or Socialists? Explain
The End of World War I
■ The world was transformed by WWI:
–22 million soldiers & civilians died;
20 million were wounded;
10 million became refugees
–Towns & farms along the Western
& Eastern Fronts were destroyed
–The war cost an estimated
$338 billion & massive funds were
needed to rebuild Europe
22 million dead
20 million wounded
WWI Deaths
(Not Including Wounded or POW)
Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
Before
After the
theWar:
War:Village
Villageof
ofEsnes
Esnes
Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
Before
After the
theWar:
War:Hotel
Hotelde
delalaPrincerie,
Princerie,Verdun
Verdun
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■ President Woodrow Wilson
believed that America ought
to take a lead in shaping the
peace process
■ Near the end of the war,
President Wilson developed his peace
plan known as the Fourteen Points:
–Based on eliminating the reasons for
WWI (militarism, imperialism)
–Hoped to avoid all future wars by
creating an international forum to
discuss & arbitrate problems
Group Activity:
Examining Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■ In groups, examine Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
–Using the chart in your notes, write in your
own words what each section of Wilson’s
peace plan means
–Develop an image or symbol that captures
the main idea for each section of the plan
–Do not write anything in the column titled
“Was this point part of the Treaty of
Versailles?” (We will do this a bit later)
–Answer the questions below the chart &
be prepared for a quick class discussion
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
contained three main themes:
■(Points 1-5) Create new rules that
would eliminate the causes of WWI
–No more secret treaties
–Reduction of militaries
–Freedom of the seas
–International control over
colonies to end imperialism
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■(Points 6-13) Divide weak empires
like Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman
Empire into new nations based on
national “self-determination”
–New nations should have their
borders drawn with consideration
to ethnic & national identities
–New nations should be free to
choose their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■(Point 14) To create a League of
Nations to settle all future
international problems by
compromise rather than by war
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to help create
the Treaty of Versailles:
–He hoped his Fourteen Points
would become the framework for
the peace treaty
–But, Wilson quickly learned that
European leaders did not share his
vision for a “peace without victory”
& wanted Germany to be punished
British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
French Premier
George Clemenceau
“The Big Four”
Italian Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
During the peace process, Wilson had to
compromise some of his Fourteen Points
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ Delegates agreed to create a
League of Nations that included:
–General Assembly of 27 nations
with an Executive Council
–Court of International Justice
–Agreement that arbitration &
economic sanctions would be
used to settle conflicts
–An agreement that member
nations would work together to
stop future acts of aggression
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■Other treaty provisions included:
–Austria-Hungary was split in two,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, &
Poland were formed
–Germany had to accept the “war
guilt clause,” pay $33 billion in
reparations, & lost all colonies
–No mention of free trade; No
end to imperialism, no reduction
in militaries for any of the Allies
Land
wasEurope
taken from
Germany
Ottoman
Empire
given tothe
was
Central
wasThe
redrawn
to&reduce
Poland;
Germany’s
border
divided;
with
Britain
France
& France
was
power
of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
demilitarized to avoid
gained
a future
mandates
invasion
in the
Middle East
New nations were
created
from
territory
Europe & Middle East
taken from Russia
(who
left WWI early
Before
& After
after the Bolshevik
Revolution)
World War
I
The Treaty
Versailles,
1919
But, President
Wilsonof
could
not sign the
treaty
because
Article
I
of
the
Constitution
gives
the
■On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of
Senate the power to ratify all treaties
Versailles was signed by Germany
But, many
U.S. Senators
didWWI
not like the treaty
& officially
ended
because of the League of Nations
Closure Activity
■Compare Wilson’s Fourteen Points with
the provisions in the Treaty of Versialles.
On your chart, write down whether
Wilson’s ideas made it into the final treaty
■Read “Hitler’s Reaction to the Treaty of
Versailles”
–What criticisms does Hitler have?
–What does he say needs to be done to
save Germany?
–Why do historians say that the Treaty of
Versailles led to WWII?
Points 1-5:
New International Rules?
Points 6-13:
Divided Empires, New Nations,
Self-Determination?
Point 14: A League of Nations?
■Essential Question:
–Why did the USA refuse to
ratify the Treaty of Versailles or
join the League of Nations?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What were the major themes of
Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
–Why don’t you think more of his
Fourteen Points made it into the
Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ All the major European powers signed
the Treaty of Versailles & joined the
League of Nations
■ But, the
Senate was
divided
about what
joining the
League would
mean for the
future of the
United States
Group Activity:
Debate over the League of Nations
■ The class will be divided into groups:
–Read your assigned role & form an “expert
group” with students from other groups
who were assigned the same role you were
–When finished, return to your original group
& participate in a Senate debate to decide
if the U.S. should join the League
–Use the chart provided to take notes during
your expert group & group discussion
Debrief: Overview of Roles
■ The Senate was divided:
–Strong Internationalists supported U.S.
membership in the League of Nations
–Mild Internationalists supported the League
but wanted to avoid future wars
–Mild Reservationists rejected the League
over fears of being forced into future wars
–Strong Reservationists wanted major
changes to the League if the U.S. were to join
–Irreconcilables who opposed the League &
wanted to maintain U.S. isolationism
Read
“U.S. Rejection of the
Treaty of Versailles”
Members of the League of Nations (in black)
The U.S. never joined the League & signed its
own peace treaty with Germany in 1921
Conclusions
■ The impact of the Great War:
–The U.S. began the 20th century
as an imperial power & reluctantly
entered WWI to protect free trade
–Involvement in WWI led to changes
for women & blacks, an economic
boom, & the restriction of liberties
–The U.S. played a major role in the
peace process, but refusal to join
the League weakened the ability of
world leaders to stop World War II
The following slides are
hidden but can be used as
teaching points if needed