Transcript Global Maritime Expansion

Maritime Revolution

To 1550 CE
Global Maritime Expansion
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Maritime (sea) expansion was not a new
idea in 1500, but people soon realized
that ships could move goods and people
more quickly and cheaply than going
overland.
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Crossing the Pacific, however, was not
yet successful.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Malay peoples expanded into the South
Pacific and Hawaii many centuries earlier.
They navigated using the stars.
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Expansion from Fiji brought humans to the
islands of Polynesia.
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By 500 AD, Polynesians reached Hawaii.
This can be traced by language roots.
Global Maritime Expansion
Global Maritime Expansion
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Other Malay and Indonesian peoples
moved across the Indian Ocean to
Madagascar.
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Arabs were already using the monsoon
winds to establish trade routes in the
Indian Ocean.
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The Ming dynasty had established trading voyages
to the Indian Ocean under Zheng He with contacts
to East Africa. Chinese suspended the voyages in
the 1430s leaving a power vacuum in the Indian
Ocean.
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The Vikings (during the Middle Ages) sailed
westward to Iceland; Greenland; and Newfoundland
when their conquests were stopped in Europe.
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There is some suggestion that the predecessor of
Mansa Musa may have sent expeditions to cross the
Atlantic, but it is not proven.
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In
the Americas, the Arawak Indians
sailed to the Lesser and Greater
Antilles.
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In the
1300’s,
Europeans
from Italy
and
Portugal
explored the
Azores,
Madeiras,
and Canary
Islands.
Azores
Madeiras
Global Maritime Expansion
Major European expansion came from two areas
of Europe: the Italian city-states and the west
Atlantic kingdoms.
The collapse of the Mongol empire and the
Bubonic plague made eastern goods and spices
expensive to Europeans due to Muslim middlemen.
Global Maritime Expansion
The Italian city-states of northern Italy (Venice,
Genoa, Milan, Florence) traded with Muslims and
Asia. They had no incentive to look to the
Atlantic for trade due to the system of alliances
they built with the Muslims.
They also adopted a credit system to work with
the Islamic and Chinese credit systems.
Italians, therefore, had a monopoly on Asian
goods.
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Also, Italian ships were built for the calm
waters of the Mediterranean and not the
Atlantic.
The Atlantic kingdoms of Europe looked
to the Atlantic for Asian trade.
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The Iberian kingdoms of Spain and
Portugal had:
1.Advanced shipbuilding techniques
2.Cannon technology
3. An alliance between European
monarchs and merchants.
4. A strong desire to break the
stranglehold on Mediterranean
trade between Italy and Muslims.
Global Maritime Expansion
The Portuguese were especially motivated and
like the Chinese were the earliest
adventurers to be sponsored by a state:
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By desire for goods and spices,
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Expansion of Christianity,
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Expand trade rights and eventually reach
India.
Global Maritime Expansion
Portuguese:
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Explored the west coast of
Africa under the guidance
and finance of Prince Henry
the Navigator (1444).
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Improved navigation
instruments: compass and
astrolabe.
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Designed the caravel: a
small, fast ship; square and
lateen sails; cannon.
Global Maritime Expansion
Global Maritime Expansion
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The Portuguese reached the Cape Verde Islands in 1444 and learned
about the westerly winds of the Atlantic.
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Prior to this Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized (settled) the
Madeiras, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. They grew sugarcane there
with help of Italian investors. This would break the monopoly on sugarcane
the Arabs had in the eastern Middle East.
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Traded in gold and slaves in return for guns, textiles, and other
manufactured items.
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Developed the islands of Sao Tome, Principe, and the Cape Verdes with
plantation agriculture using the first African slave labor for planations.
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Explored the Gold Coast to contact gold producers.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama rounded the tip of Africa (
Cape of Good Hope, 1488 and 1498 respectively) and made
contact with India. The goal was control of Indian Ocean trade, by
force if necessary.
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This began the Portuguese commercial and trading empire.
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This empire consisted of trade between the Portuguese and
African rulers for European goods in return for gold and slaves.
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Muslim Arabs conducted the slave trade between the two. Arabs
had been conducting African slave trade for centuries.
Global Maritime Expansion
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In Western Africa, Africans received
European manufactured goods and some
firearms in return for slaves and gold.
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Contacts between the Portuguese and the
Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were for slave
trade.
Global Maritime Expansion
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The Portuguese attacked the Swahili coast of
East Africa to control the trading posts, but left
Christian Ethiopia alone since it too warred
against the Muslims.
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Ethiopians would not, however, transfer their
religious loyalty to the Pope.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Portugal captured the Swahili city-states
(1505); Goa in India (1510); Malacca (1511);
Macao and South China ports (1557).
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These Portuguese ports conducted trade, only
using Portuguese ships.
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Portugal was able to defeat Muslim naval
forces with cannon. Never gained complete
control of Indian Ocean, but dominated most
of it. Broke the Italian monopoly on pepper.
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 The Portuguese maritime empire in
Africa and Asia was maintained only
by the fire-power of Portuguese
cannon on her ships.
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Spanish Empire:
 1492: Columbus sails for Spain to compete
with Portugal’s hold on Asian trade.
 Sought an Atlantic maritime empire
encompassing Asia.
 After Columbus’s success, Portugal crosses
the Atlantic too, claiming much of what is
today Brazil.
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1494: To prevent conflict between Spain and
Portugal, the Treaty of Tordesillas divides
the New World between the two countries.
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1513: Balboa sights the Pacific Ocean.
 1520: Ferdinand Magellan crosses the
Pacific and claims the Molucca Islands for
Spain.
 Eventually, this led Spain to claim the
Philippines.
 Spain concentrated on establishing safe
trade routes between Mexico and the
Philippines.
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Eventually the English, Norwegians, French and Russians
would seek a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.
Captain James Cook (18th century) would help complete
Europe’s understanding of the Pacific regions.
Spain built a vast empire in the Americas and like Portugal
established trading posts along the oceans’ rims.
Trading post: a foothold in a region for commercial interests.
Usually part of a network.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Subjugated the Arawak Indians on the island of
Hispaniola.
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Arawaks had no iron. Arawaks had already been
subjugated by the Carib Indians in the Antilles
region.
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The encomienda system is set up. Indians were
required to pay tribute to a Spanish landlord.
European Renaissance
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Conquistadors used for the conquest. Expanded into
the Antilles region, and used the islands as a launching
pad for the invasion of mainland America.
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Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztecs of Mexico and
captured Tenochtitlan.
Spanish weapons and smallpox were essential for
success.
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca of Peru. Smallpox
disease helped as well.
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Global Maritime Expansion
Causes of Spanish success in the Americas:
 Lack of Indian resistance to European
disease.
 European superior military technology.
 Europeans used local Indian allies.
 Successful pattern of conquest: forced
labor; religious conversion; cultural
instruction in language and lifestyle.
Global Maritime Expansion
Successful control of New World territory
was carried out by viceroys, who had
much independence due to difficult
communication between Spain and
Americas.
 Spain transported its highly bureaucratic
systems to the New World, so
experimentation was not possible.
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Global Maritime Expansion
The Catholic Church also helped transfer
Spanish and Portuguese language and
culture to the New World. Syncretism
occurred though between Spanish and
Indian cultures.
 Jesuit clergy sought to protect Indians
from Spanish and Portuguese abuses.
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Global Maritime Expansion
Conquest was difficult for Europeans in
Asia and Africa because:
 Africa and Asia experienced most of the
same diseases as Europeans: plague.
 Africans and Asians had enough
population to resist Europeans.
 Familiarity with European technology
and war tactics: horses; gunpowder;
ships.
 Had advanced and cohesive societies.
Global Maritime Expansion
Economic profit by Europeans could be
gained by using already existing trade
networks without conquest.
 The Spanish were out to create an
economic as well as political empire.
 Spanish introduced sugar cane
cultivation in the West Indies, but little
else.
 After 1600, the French and English enter
the region and introduce tobacco
cultivation.
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Global Maritime Expansion
Economic success for the English and
French was made possible by:
 The plantation system of Portugal
 Cheap labor from indentured servants
 Chartered companies and investors.
European Renaissance
Eventually, the West Indies went mostly into
sugar production, due to tobacco competition
from Virginia.
 The move towards sugar in the Caribbean
caused an increase in slave labor.
 There was also a shift from indentured servants
to slaves because African slaves lived longer in
the climate of the Caribbean.
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Global Maritime Expansion
Sugar plantations grew and processed the
sugar cane into sugar, molasses, and rum.
 It was an expensive operation that required
a large scale system.
 It damaged the environment by depleting
the soil and causing deforestation.
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Global Maritime Expansion
West Indian society was made up of
wealthy landowners, and slaves. A high
mortality rate increased the need for more
slaves
 Rebellions were prevented by
withholding education and African
cultural identity from the slaves.
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Global Maritime Expansion
European nations looked to 2 economic
strategies: capitalism and mercantilism.
 Capitalism: investing wealth to produce more
wealth.
 Capitalism uses banks; joint-stock
companies; stock exchanges; etc.
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Global Maritime Expansion
Mercantilism: an nation’s approach to
controlling its economy and increasing
wealth by:
 Granting monopoly
 Storing gold and silver
 Exporting more than importing: favorable
balance of trade.
 Tariffs on imports.
Global Maritime Expansion
Monopolies were granted to private companies and
merchants:
 Dutch West India Company
 British East India Company
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Each company could have its own military force; provide
its own ships; equipment and supplies.
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These companies had a government charter giving the
right to buy and sell goods, build trading posts, and
even wage war.
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They were able to build global trade networks.
Global Maritime Expansion
European interaction in the eastern
hemisphere was very different from that in
the western hemisphere.
 In the western hemisphere Europeans would
conquer indigenous peoples and build
territorial empires with established colonies
and settlers.
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Global Maritime Expansion
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In the eastern hemisphere, Europeans were
not able to dominate the peoples of larger
and better established states.
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The only exceptions were the Philippines
and Indonesia which were not large and
highly centralized powers like China and
India.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Spain would eventually take the Philippines and
Indonesia would go to the Dutch.
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Spanish goals: promote trade and Christianity.
Dutch goal: exploit trade.
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The Dutch though did not have the manpower or military
might to control all of Indonesia. They focused on the
clove and mace producing regions.
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Holland became the wealthiest land in Europe for much
o the 17th century.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Atlantic trade would become a circular trade.
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It went from Europe to Africa, from Africa to
the plantation colonies of the Americas (the
Middle Passage), and then from the
colonies back to Europe.
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With the increase in sugar demand, the
demand for slaves increased, especially in
the West Indies and Brazil.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Most slaves to the Americas went to South
America and the West Indies.
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Colonial economies of Latin America were
dominated by the silver mines of Peru;
Mexico; and Bolivia, which required large
amounts of labor. Also by the sugar
plantations of Brazil.
Global Maritime Expansion
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The mita system was used to obtain steady
labor from native populations.
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The mita requirements undermined the
traditional agricultural economy.
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The Portuguese relied heavily on African slave
labor in Brazil, and most African slaves crossing
the Atlantic went to South America.
Global Maritime Expansion
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Although European trade increased with
Africa, it did not lead to colonization of
Africa at that time.
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Almost all trade took place along the Gold
Coast and Slave Coast regions with
African governments making Europe
adhere to African trading customs and
pay high prices.
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Firearms were in demand by Gold Coast
communities, and Europe delivered.
Global Maritime Expansion
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The Columbian Exchange develops
which was an exchange of food crops
and animals between the Americas and
the Eastern Hemisphere and would
cause a global diffusion of plants, food
crops, animals, human populations,
and disease.
Global Maritime Expansion
Diseases from the east would decimate
western peoples and Pacific islanders
with more than 100 million people
dying between 1500 and 1800.
 Although, human population would
increase due to the introduction of new
foods into the world’s food supply.
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From America came maize; beans;
potatoes; manioc; and tobacco.
Global Maritime Expansion
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European livestock came to the New
World: cattle; pigs; horses; and sheep.
These animals would cause
environmental impacts.
European Renaissance
The elite of Spanish America were the
Spanish immigrants themselves.
Spain, though, did not encourage
large family colonies as England did in
North America.
European Renaissance
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American- born Spaniards were called
“Creoles,” who controlled the agriculture and
mining.
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Spanish- born residents controlled the highest
positions of government and the Church.
European Renaissance
Descendents of Africans and
Indians were called “castas.”
Descendents of Europeans and
Indians were called “mestizos.”
Descendents of Europeans and
Africans were called “mulattos.”