Transcript Nationalism and Revolution Around the World

Nationalism and Revolution
Around the World
Chapter 15
Struggle in Latin America
• In the early 1900s, Latin America enjoyed
business success. However, investors from
other countries controlled much of the
region’s natural resources.
• Military leaders and wealthy landowners held
most of the power in the region.
• Only a few people benefited from the
economy most people lived in poverty.
The Mexican Revolution
• By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for 35
years.
• Faced with revolution Diaz resigned office 1911.
• A bloody struggle for power called the Mexican Revolution
began.
• Francisco Madero, a liberal who had demanded free
elections, was elected President in 1911.
• Madero, was unable to unite the deeply divided and
impoverished country.
• In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero and
had him killed.
• “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza
formed an uneasy coalition against Huerta.
Pancho Villa & Venustiano
Carranza
Mexican Revolution Continued
• Villa and Zapata were peasants and wanted to make
broad changes. Carranza, was a rich landlord and
disagreed.
• After defeating Huerta, Carranza turned on Villa and
Zapata and defeated them.
• In 1917, Carranza was elected President. He approved
a new constitution.
• The new constitution of 1917, included land reform,
nationalization of natural resources, and making land
owned by the Church “the property of the nation.”
• The Constitution also provided a minimum wage and
protected workers right to strike.
The PRI Controls Mexico
• Fighting continued in Mexico throughout the 1920s.
• In 1929, the government organized what later became the
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
• The PRI managed to accommodate many groups in Mexican
society including, business and military leaders, peasants,
and workers.
• The PRI did this by adopting some of the goals of these
groups while keeping real power in its own hands.
• The PRI suppressed opposition but was able bring stability
to Mexico and over time many desired reforms.
• The PRI dominated Mexico from the 1930s until the free
elections of 2000.
Nationalism in Latin America
• Latin American economies were hurt in the 1930s by the Great
Depression.
• Latin Americans began to demand economic nationalism or home
control of the economy.
• Some nations took over foreign-owned properties and businesses.
• Cultural Nationalism (the rejection of European influences) also
began to grow.
• The Great Depression also triggered Political Nationalism. People
began to reject western ideas of democracy and belief in the
individual.
• In the midst of economic crisis, stronger, authoritarian
governments rose in Latin American countries. People hoped these
governments could control, direct, and protect each country’s
economy more effectively.
The Good Neighbor Policy
• During and after World War I, investments by the U.S. in
Latin America soared.
• The U.S. continued to play the role of international
policeman in Latin America.
• In 1914, the U.S. occupied the port of Veracruz, on the
pretext of punishing Mexico for imprisoning American
sailors, but in reality to help Carranza win power.
• These type of actions resulted in an anti-American attitude
in Latin America.
• To improve attitudes in Latin America toward the U.S.
Franklin Roosevelt instituted the “Good Neighbor Policy”
towards Latin America. This policy was essentially to stay
out of Latin American politics.
Nationalism in Africa
• In the early 1900s Europeans controlled most of Africa
and kept the best lands for themselves.
• During WWI many Africans had fought on behalf of
their colonial rulers. They hoped this would lead to
more rights and opportunities.
• Things largely remained the same or got worse.
• Many Western-educated Africans criticized the
injustice of imperial rule.
• Woodrow Wilson’s call for national self-determination
also encouraged African nationalism.
• Protests and opposition to imperialism multiplied.
Racial Segregation and Nationalism in
South Africa
• Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened
their grip on South Africa.
• During this time blacks lost their right to vote
and were kept from certain jobs, in a system
of segregation.
• The system of segregation set up at this time
would become even stricter after 1948, when
apartheid, a policy of rigid segregation was set
up.
Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans”
• In the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism
began to flourish.
• This movement called for a unity of Africans and those
of African descent around the world.
• Marcus Garvey called for an “Africa for Africans,”
demanding an end to colonial rule.
• African American scholar and activist W.E.B. DuBois
organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919.
• The Negritude Movement was a movement among
French speaking writers in West Africa and the
Caribbean, in which writers expressed pride in their
African roots and protested colonial rule.
Marcus Garvey & W.E.B. DuBois
Egypt Gains Independence
• African nationalism brought little political change
except in Egypt.
• After WWI, protests, strikes, and riots forced
Britain to grant Egypt their independence in
1922. Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy.
• During the 1930s many young Egyptians joined
the Muslim Brotherhood. This group fostered a
broad Islamic nationalism that rejected Western
culture and denounced corruption in the
Egyptian government.
Turkey and Persia Modernize
• In 1920 the Ottoman Sultan gave up land to the Greeks
in Asia Minor in a treaty.
• When the Greeks landed in Asia Minor to assert
Greece’s claims, Turkish nationalist led by Mustafa
Kemal, overthrew the sultan, defeated the Greeks and
declared Turkey a republic.
• Kemal worked to modernize Turkey.
• Inspired by Kemal, Reza Khan overthrew the Persian
shah and worked to modernize Persia/Iran.
• Both Kemal and Khan replaced Islamic traditions with
Western ways, that Muslim leaders condemned.
Mustafa Kemal & Reza Khan
Arab Nationalism in the Middle East
• The use of gasoline-powered engines in WWI increased
interest in the oil rich Middle East.
• Arab nationalism grew in response to foreign
influence.
• This nationalist movement was called Pan-Arabism and
and was built on the shared heritage of Arabs who
lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to North
Africa.
• Arabs hoped to gain independence after WWI, and the
help they gave the Allies fighting against the Ottoman
Turks. They felt betrayed when the French and British
took control of their lands.
The Struggle for Palestine
• Since the beginning of the Diaspora in Roman times, Jews had
dreamed of returning to the land of Judea, or Israel.
• In 1897, Theodor Herzl had responded to growing anti-Semitism,
or prejudice against Jewish people, in Europe, by founding the
modern Zionist movement.
• His goal was to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine.
• During WWI, the Allies had made the conflicting promises of
returning the Arabs their kingdoms (including Palestine) and the
Balfour Declaration, a statement advocating a homeland for Jews in
Palestine.
• As more and more Jews moved to Palestine the Arab population
also increased.
• Tensions between the two groups developed and for the rest of the
20th century Arabs and Jews have fought over the land that Arabs
called Palestine and Jews called Israel.
Theodor Herzl
India Seeks Self Rule
• During WWI, more than a million Indians had served
overseas. The British had promised India greater selfrule.
• When the fighting was over Britain did little to increase
India’s self-rule.
• Since 1885, the Indian National Congress party, called
the Congress party, had pressed for self-rule within the
British empire.
• In 1919, British soldiers killed or wounded hundreds of
peaceful Indian protestors in the Amritsar massacre.
• After the Amritsar massacre, the Congress party began
to demand full independence.
Amritsar Massacre
Gandhi and the Nonviolent Movement
• In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi emerged and united Indians across
class lines in an independence movement.
• For 20 years Gandhi fought laws in South Africa that discriminated
against Indians.
• Gandhi followed Henry David Thoreau’s ideas of civil disobedience.
He combined this with his belief in ahimsa, or nonviolence toward
all living things.
• The Salt March, was a nonviolent civil disobedient protest against
the British monopoly on the sale of salt.
• All around the world, newspapers criticized Britain’s harsh reaction
to the protest.
• Slowly, Gandhi’s campaign forced Britain to hand over some power
to the Indians. Britain also agreed to meet other demands of the
Congress party.
Gandhi & the Salt March
The Chinese Republic in Trouble
• When the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, Sun Yixian
became president of China’s new republic.
• Sun hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the
People—nationalism, democracy, and economic security for
everyone.
• China quickly fell into chaos in the face of the “twin evils” of
warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism.
• Sun Yixian stepped down in favor of general Yuan Shikai, who
he believed could create a strong central government and
restore order.
• The military did not support the general and when Yuan died
in 1916, China plunged into greater disorder.
• In the provinces, local warlords seized power. Rival armies
battled for control, the economy collapsed and peasants
suffered.
Foreign Imperialism
• During the early part of the 20th century foreign
merchants, missionaries, and soldiers dominated the
ports China had opened to trade.
• During WWI, Japanese officials presented Yuan Shikai
with the Twenty-One demands, a list of demands that
sought to make China a Japanese protectorate.
• China gave in to some of Japan’s demands.
• At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies gave
the Japanese control over some former German
possessions in China, infuriating the Chinese
nationalists.
The May Fourth Movement
• Student protests erupted in Beijing, on May 4,
1919, in response to the Japanese being given
Chinese territory by the Allies.
• The protests set off a cultural and intellectual
ferment known as the May Fourth Movement.
• Its goal was to strengthen China’s position by
rejecting Confucian traditions and learning from
the West.
• The hoped to use their new knowledge to end
foreign domination.
Jiang Jieshi Leads the Nationalists
• In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang or
Nationalist party, established a government in
south China.
• When the Western democracies refused to help
Sun defeat the warlords he accepted help from
the Soviet Union and the small group of Chinese
communists.
• After Sun’s death Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek),
an army officer took over the Guomindang.
• Jiang was determined to smash the warlords and
reunite China.
Nationalist versus the Communists
• In 1926, Jiang Jieshi began the Northern Expedition
with the help of the Chinese Communists to crush the
warlords and capture Beijing.
• Jiang would take control of a new government led by
the Guomindang.
• Early in 1927, in the middle of the Northern Expedition,
Jiang ordered the slaughter of thousands of Chinese
Communists.
• This massacre marked the beginning of a civil war
between the Communists and the Guomindang that
lasted for 22 years.
Mao Zedong and the Communists
• Mao Zedong was a young communist
revolutionary who escaped Jiang’s attack.
• Unlike earlier Chinese Communists, Mao
believed that the Communists should seek
support not among the small urban working
class but among the large peasant masses.
• In southeastern China, Mao and the
Communists redistributed land to peasants
and promised other reforms.
Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong
The Long March
• Jiang Jieshi was determined to destroy the “Red
bandits.” He led the Guomindang in a series of
“extermination campaigns” against them.
• The Guomindang harassed Mao’s retreating
forces on the Long March, from 1934 to 1935 to a
new power base in Northern China.
• On the Long March Mao’s forces treated the
peasants well, paying for goods they used.
• Of the 100,000 who started the 6,000 mile trek
only about 8,000 marchers survived.
Mao on the Long March
Japanese Invasion
• In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria adding it to its growing
empire.
• As Japanese aggression increased, a faction within the
Guomindang forced Jiang to form a united front with the
Communists against Japan.
• In 1937 Japan struck again, starting what became the Second
Sino-Japanese war.
• Jiang retreated to the interior of China and set up a new
capital at Chongqing.
• After a lengthy siege, Japanese troops marched into the city of
Nanjing (the former Guomindang capital).
• In the “rape of Nanjing” the Japanese killed hundreds of
thousands of soldiers and civilians and brutalized more.
• With some clashes the Guomindang and the Communists
maintained a united front until the end of the war with Japan.
Japan on the Rise in the 1920s.
• Emperor Hirohito reigned from 1926 to 1989.
• During World War I, the Japanese economy grew, because
of exports to the Allies.
• During the war Japan made demands on China in the
Twenty-one Demands.
• After the war Japan was given German possessions in
China.
• During the 1920s, Japan moved toward more widespread
democracy.
• The Diet—Japanese Parliament—exercised power.
• In 1925 all adult men won the right to vote.
• Emperor Hirohito was still considered a divine leader.
• Despite leaning toward greater democracy, political parties
were manipulated by the zaibatsu (Japan’s powerful
business leaders).
Problems Below the Surface
• Peasants and factory workers did not share in the
nations wealth.
• The younger generation was rejecting tradition and
family authority in favor of the Western ideal of
individual freedom.
• Conservatives especially military officers, blasted
government corruption, including payoffs by zaibatsu.
• Conservatives also condemned Western influences for
undermining basic Japanese values of obedience and
respect for authority.
• An earthquake struck the Tokyo area in 1923, killing
over 100,000 people.
The Nationalist Reaction
• In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the
Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force.
• Economic disaster fed the discontent of the
leading military officials and ultranationalists.
• They condemned politicians for agreeing to
Western demands to stop overseas expansion.
• They also resented Japanese being treated as
second class citizens in other parts of the world.
• Nationalist demanded renewed expansion to
provide the empire with much needed raw
materials.
The Manchurian Incident
• Japanese military officers blew up tracks on a Japanese
owned railroad in Manchuria.
• They blamed the act on the Chinese.
• Claiming self-defense the Japanese attacked Chinese forces
without consulting their own government.
• They conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state
they called Manzhouguo.
• When the politicians objected to the army’s actions, public
opinion sided with the military. This strengthened the
power of the military.
• When the League of Nations condemned Japanese
aggression against China, Japan simply withdrew from the
League.
Militarists in Power
• In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning
support from the people for foreign conquests.
• Members of extreme nationalist societies
assassinated a number of politicians and
business leaders who opposed expansion.
• They hoped the Military would take over.
• Military leaders plotted to overthrow the
government and, in 1936 briefly occupied the
center of Tokyo.
Traditional Values Revived
• Civilian government survived, but the unrest
forced the government to accept military
domination in 1937.
• To please the ultranationalists the government
cracked down on democratic freedoms.
• It revived the ancient warrior values and built a
cult around Emperor Hirohito, whom many
believed was descended from the sun goddess.
• The government used schools to teach absolute
obedience to the emperor and service to the
state.
More Expansion in China
• Taking advantage of China’s civil war Japan
resumed its invasion of China in 1937, starting
the Second Sino-Japanese war.
• In 1936, Japan allied with two aggressive
European powers, Germany and Italy.
• In 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan signed the
Tripartite Pact, cementing the alliance known
as the Axis Powers.