Transcript Chapter 27 - Campbell County Schools

Empire and Expansion
Chapter 27
Building Support for Imperialism
• European countries began to
look overseas for raw materials
and markets to sell goods
• Americans saw what the
Europeans were doing and
liked it
• Supporters of Social
Darwinism believed that
countries competed with each
other and that only the
strongest (economically,
politically, militarily) would
survive
• In some cases, missionary
work was another way to
promote imperialist expansion
Opening Japan
• The Japanese only allowed the
Chinese and the Dutch to trade
with their nation because they
worried that contact with the
West would destroy their
culture
• In the 1850s Commodore
Matthew C. Perry took a naval
expedition to Japan
▫ The Japanese had never seen
steamships and were
impressed by the technology
and firepower and were
intimidated into signing a
treaty to trade with the US
• By the late 1800s the Japanese
had begun to industrialize and
westernize
Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
• Election of 1900
▫ Roosevelt became Vice President
for McKinley who ran on
imperialism
 The vice-presidency was a way to
keep Roosevelt in the
background because the title
held little responsibility
▫ An anarchist stepped out from a
crowd of people at an appearance
in Buffalo, NY and shot the
president twice
▫ McKinley died a few days later
and Roosevelt became the
youngest president ever to hold
office and was determined to
make the US a world power
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America
• Many Americans saw Latin
America as the next frontier
because of the amount of trade
that would be possible
• The idea of Pan-Americanism
came to be
▫ US and Latin America working
together
• Conference in Washington, D.C.
got 17 Latin American leaders to
talk about Pan-Americanism
• Formed the Commercial Bureau
of American Republics, which is
called the Organization of
American States (OAS) today
Building a Modern Navy
• After the US started to become
increasingly assertive in
foreign affairs, international
crises began to pop up
• It was determined that the US
should have a large navy as a
result of belief in AngloSaxonism
▫ Belief that English-speaking
countries were now destined
to dominate the world
• By the late 1890s the US was
on its way to becoming one of
the top naval powers in the
world
The Cuban Rebellion
• Cuba first rebelled against Spain in 1868
and continued rebellion until Spain made
reforms
• In 1895 the Cuban economy collapsed and
they rebelled again
• Spain sent 150,000 troops to put down
the rebellion and forced hundreds of
thousands of Cubans into guarded camps
where more than 200,000 died
• Cuban exiles urged the US to intervene,
but Presidents Cleveland and McKinley
refused because of the cost
• Cuban guerillas started to destroy
American sugar plantations and mills in
Cuba to get our attention and American
business owners pressured the
government to act
Yellow Journalism
• American newspapers
reported exaggerated
and, sometimes, false
stories about the events
in Cuba to increase
circulation
• William Randolph Hearst
and Joseph Pulitzer’s
newspapers competed for
readers with outlandish
headlines
• These strengthened
Americans’ sympathy for
the Cuban rebels
Steps to War
• A few weeks later the US
newspapers published a letter stolen
from the Spanish ambassador to
Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, which
described McKinley as weak and
caused an outcry in the US
• Then an explosion sank the U.S.S.
Maine (stationed in Havana to
protect American citizens and
property), killing more than 250
sailors
• McKinley sent a list of demands to
Spain including compensation for
the Maine, truce in Cuba, an end to
concentration camps, and Cuban
independence
• Spain agreed to all but the last
demand and McKinley asked
Congress to declare war
“A Splendid Little War”
• First action in the Philippines,
where Spain’s entire Pacific fleet
was destroyed in just 7 hours
• US Army troops gathered in
Tampa to prepare for invasion of
Cuba
• Group with most publicity was the
First Volunteer Cavalry, aka the
Rough Riders
▫ Led by Teddy Roosevelt, the
group included cowboys, miners,
policemen, and college athletes
• The Spanish fleet tried to escape
Santiago harbor in Cuba and the
US sank every ship
• 2500 Americans died in the war,
but fewer than 400 died in battle
▫ Rest died of food poisoning,
yellow fever, malaria, and
inadequate medical care
The Treaty of Paris
• The Treaty of Paris
ended the war
▫ Recognized Cuban
independence
▫ Spain gave up the
Philippines, Puerto
Rico, and Guam to
the United States in
return for $20
million
The Philippines and Cuba
Philippines
Cuba
• McKinley argued for
becoming a colonial power
in the Philippines
▫ we had to help them
govern themselves
because if we didn’t they
would be worse off than
when they were under
Spanish rule
• Filipinos wanted
independence and fought
us in a four year war with
occasional fighting after
that until 1946 when they
gained full independence
• We set up a military
government in Cuba for three
years while we helped them
set up schools and recover
economically
• They could then create a
constitution, but it had to
include the Platt Amendment
▫ allow the US to establish
naval bases there, keep
Cuba from entering
foreign agreements, give
us the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs when we felt
it was necessary
The US and Puerto Rico
• US set up a military
government
• Removed military control and
established a civil
government under US control
in 1900, and gradually turned
over more control to Puerto
Ricans
• To stem a growing
independence movement, the
US government gave Puerto
Ricans American citizenship
in 1917
• US retained the power to
appoint key officials, like the
governor
Annexing Hawaii
• Hawaii was attractive as a good midway point on
the voyage to Japan and as a good place to grow
sugarcane
• US gained exclusive rights to the naval base at
Pearl Harbor
• American sugar plantation owners in Hawaii
pressured the king to sign a new constitution
limiting his power, angering the Hawaiian people
• After an attempt to regain power, Queen
Liliuokalani was forced out of power by
American pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole and
the US Marines
• President Grover Cleveland was against
imperialism and refused to annex Hawaii, trying
to restore the Queen to power
• American planters decided to wait until the next
president took office and he annexed Hawaii
An Open Door to China
• China was important to American trade,
but we weren’t the only ones fighting for
trade rights
• Countries like Russia, Germany, Britain,
France, and Japan wanted Spheres of
Influence in China
• We fought for an “Open Door Policy” for
equal access to China’s millions of
consumers, but the other countries didn’t
like this
• Boxer Rebellion
▫ A secret society, which Americans called
the Boxers, formed to get rid of “foreign
devils” and their Christian converts who
they believed were corrupting Chinese
society
▫ In the Boxer Rebellion “Boxers” seized
foreign embassies in Beijing, killing
more than 200 foreigners and taking
others prisoner until the US and other
countries stepped in
• The US became even more insistent
upon the preservation of open trade with
China
Balancing Power in East Asia
• Roosevelt supported Open
Door policy as a way to prevent
any single nation from
controlling trade in China
• Roosevelt helped negotiate a
treaty between Japan and
Russia, which earned him the
Nobel Peace Prize
• The U.S. and Japan were
competing for power in East
Asia
• Roosevelt sent out 16
battleships of the U.S. Navy to
demonstrate the nation’s
military power
▫ This didn’t help relations with
Japan
The Panama Canal
• Roosevelt realized the need for a canal to lessen the time and money
required for commercial and military shipping
• U.S. had signed a treaty with Great Britain stating that we wouldn’t
build a canal without them, but we signed another treaty later that
said the opposite
• French had tried to build a canal and failed, but offered to sell their
rights to us
• U.S. Secretary of State offered Colombia (who controlled Panama) $10
million and a yearly rent of $250,000 for the right to build the canal
and to control a narrow strip of land on either side
• Colombia wouldn’t agree to the price, so Panama had to declare
independence to get the canal built and they knew they would have
support from the U.S.
• Roosevelt sent battleships to step in on the side of Panama and we
signed a treaty with newly independent Panama for control of the
canal zone
The Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt believed that the U.S.
should “speak softly and carry a big
stick”
• He declared that the U.S. would step
into Latin American affairs if
necessary to maintain economic and
political stability in the Western
Hemisphere
• Made U.S. unpopular with Latin
American countries, but Taft (who
followed Roosevelt as president)
continued to use this policy and
believed that if American business
leaders supported Latin American
and Asian development, everyone
would benefit
▫ This came to be known as “dollar
diplomacy”