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Transcript uploads/4/8/0/6/48063503/ch_17x - Mr. Davis
The age of Western Imperialism
CH 17
New Imperialism 1870’s-1919
“the policy of extending a nation’s authority
by territorial acquisition or by establishing
economic and political hegemony over other
nations”
The Age of British Imperial
Dominance
1st half of the 19th century-settlements that
became nations of Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand, and expanded parts of India
Focus on the Imperialism of free trade
Britain becomes the “workshop” of the world
Free trade and the absence of government
controls-unlimited growth of wealth
The Opium Wars with China
British desire to import Chinese tea, silk,
porcelain-Chinese disdain for British goods
British sell opium to Chinese
Manchu Dynasty resists
1839-1842-Opium Wars
Unequal treaty systemsBritish get Hong KongChinese forced to open ports
Most favored Nation status
India-The Crown Jewel
British India-Current day India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh
Central to the Imperial strategy of the British
empire
India-vast non-white population with
numerous political allegiances, complex
social arrangements, and non-Western
religions (Hinduism and Islam)
1st ruled by the British East India Company
The Great Sepoy Mutiny-1857
Sepoys-Indian troops revolt against British
officers
Cultural issue of offense over cartridges used
with soldiers muskets
Pork or beef fat?
10,000 of Britons and Indians killed
Government of India Act-1858-transferred
political authority to the British crown
Crown control of India
Tried to restrain the “civilizing mission” of
British
Tried to work more closely with local Indian
rulers
1/3 of India under rule of Indian princes that
swore allegiance to crown
More British troops stationed in India
Queen Victoria-the Empress
of India
Indian nationalism
1885-Founding of the Indian National
Congress
1887-Founding of the Muslim League
The New Imperialism
1870-1900-west gained control of 150 million
people
1/5th of the world’s area and 1/10 of population
Included United States and Japan
New techniques of direct or indirect control
Direct Colonial rule
Protectorates-placed officials in foreign state to
oversee its government
Spheres of influence-received special commercial and
legal privileges
Motives
Economics??
Imperialism A Study J.A. Hobson
Capitalists and bankers behind imperial
ambitions
Imperialism The Highest Stage of Capitalism
Lenin
“Imperialism is the monopoly stage of
capitalism”
Other motives
1. “civilizing mission”
2. Prestige and power of nation-state
3. The eastern Question of the decay of the
Ottoman Empire
4. Weaknesses in the Qing Dynasty in China
5. Geopolitical strategic interests
The Partition of Africa
“Scramble for Africa”
1900-85% of Africa controlled by Europeans
France and Italy
Algeria-1st taken in the 1830’s-became the
most important colonial possession of
France-considered an extension of France
Tunisia-1881-1882-Protectorate
Morocco-1901-1912-Protectorate
Local rulers retained as French puppets
Italy-seized Libya from Turkey in 1911-1912
British in North Africa
1869-Suez Canal built by French engineers
Connected med Sea to the red Sea
India becomes more important market for British
goods
British government purchase controlling interest
in canal
Egypt in debt to European creditors
1881-Nationalist rebellion
British send troops and defeat
Egypt never an official colony, British dominate
British in North Africa
British desired political and military stability
Built naval base at Alexandria
Rise of Egyptian Islamic militancy-The
Muslim Brother hood
British determination to secure the Upper
Nile and the Sudan
1898-Fashoda Incident-Tense incident
between French and British in Sudan
Fashoda Incident
West Africa
1895-French West Africa had 12 million
British had 4 West African Colonies-Sierra
Leone, Gambia, The Gold Coast (Ghana), and
Nigeria
Nigeria run by indirect control-most
successful for British missionaries-largest
Christian population of Africa
The Belgian Congo
Personal property of King Leopold 2 of
Belgium
1876-Formed the International African
Association
Recruited Henry Stanley-journalist who had
searched and found Dr David Livingstone
1885-Berlin Conference gave Congo to
Leopold
Brutal economic exploitation and slave labor
The Heart of Darkness
The Berlin Conference
1885-The Partition of Africa
Process of power sharing in Africa
German entry into arena of imperial
competition
South Africa
Dutch settlers in Cape Colony-1600s
British dominance in the 1830’s
Dutch farmers-Boers-Great Trek north and east of
the cape
Afrikaner states Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange
free State
1886-Gold discovered
1899-Boer War British v Boers
British Concentration Camps
Boers Guerilla tactics
Union of South Africa-1910
Racial system of Apartheid-decades of
oppression, racial tensions, and economic
exploitation
Expansion in Asia
Russia-Tsars consolidated control around
Balkan Sea
Russians did not regard the nomads of Asia as
equals
Transcaucasus regions
Christian Georgians, Armenians, and
Azerbaijanis
The Muslim peoples of the Caucasus regionsChechnya, Dagestan, and Circassia
Imam Shamil of Chechnya and
Dagestan surrendering to
Russian general Baryatinsky
in 1859
Nomads of central Asia
Vast Steppe of central Asia where the
Kazakhs lived
Southern Middle Asia-1860’s
Present day Uzbekistan, Turkistan, and the
areas bordering Afghanistan-Muslim Areas
Russian-British Rivalry over Afghanistan
“the Great Game”-Sometimes brought Russia
and GB to the state of war
Caption from a 1911 English satirical magazine reads: "If we hadn't a thorough
understanding, I (British lion) might almost be tempted to ask what you (Russian
bear) are doing there with our little playfellow (Persian cat)."
French and IndoChina
Indo China-Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Roman Catholic Missionaries
1862-French forces controlled Saigon
1880’s-France controlled all of Indo China
Vietnamese Catholic Converts-minority
Large scale plantations-source of tea, rice,
coffee, and rubber
French in Indochina
The United States and
Imperialism
1853-Commodore Matt Perry and Japan
1867-US buys Alaska from the Russians
1893-American based coup in Hawaii
1898-Victory in the Spanish American War
US has informal protectorate in Cuba, and annexes
Puerto Rico
US annexes the Philippines and Hawaii
1903-US secures canal zone in Panama from Columbia
1904-US starts building the Panama Canal
1907-Sailing of the Great White Fleet and (1914)
completion of the Panama Canal
China and the Boxer
rebellion
Qing Dynasty in state of near collapse
Western powers had forced China to give
special status
1899-US under SOS John Hay proposes Open
Door Notes
US feared that Europe and Japan would close
China off to American interests
Wanted free and equal access to Chinese
markets
Boxer rebellion
Chinese Secret Society-the Society of
Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Hatred of foreign missionaries
Kill the “foreign devils”
1900-Attack on the foreign legate in Beijing
August 1900-Foreign army occupies China
1901-Qing agrees to execute the officials who
had helped the rebellion
1912-Collapse of the Qing Dynasty
French troops behead Boxers
US Marines sent to China
Russian Cannons firing
Japanese Marines
Troops of the Eight nations
alliance of 1900. Left to
right: Britain, United
States, Australian colonial,
British India, Germany,
France, Russia, Italy, Japan
Tools of Empire
Western domination based on technological
domination
Naval superiority
1830’s-rise of steam powered iron warships
“gunboat diplomacy”
Nemesis and the Opium Wars
The “devil ship”
Tropical Diseases
Malaria constant problem for Europeans
Quinine pills the solution
Enabled the rapid exploration and partition of
Africa
Cultivated in Dutch East indies and British
India
Firearms
Fully barreled rifles
Mid 1850’s-British Lee-Enfield Rifle
1900’s-Use of maxim Machine guns
Use of dum-dum bullets
Missionary Movements
1900-Evangelical Protestant Missionaries-
over 10,000 missionaries in India
Providential moment for the evangelization
of non-Christian peoples in the Asia and
Africa
French Roman Catholics-Society for the
Propagation of the faith-Vietnam and China
Over ½ million members
Women and Missionary
Activity
Women and Cultural practices oversees
1. Ottoman empire-harems for affluent
women
2. India-practice of sati
3. China-Foot binding of young girls
Missionaries had “civilizing” intentions to try
to help women, many female missionaries
traveled abroad
Sati
Footbinding
Issues with Missionaries
Tensions with imperial administrations
Missionaries established schools
Fear that missionaries might be a destabilizing
force
Engaged local peoples in way that admin could
not-learned languages
Indigenous religious movements established
Religious divide between northern and
southern hemispheres
takeaways
1. Missionary goals were dynamic and
changed
2. enormous amount of printed materials
3. Skilled at pressuring their own
governments for missionary freedomopposition to colonial authorities
4. Non-western Christians moving
Christianity away from Western dominance
5. Made Christianity a world wide faith for
the 1st time