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The French Revolution
CH 10
The Crisis of the French
Monarchy
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1780s-Financial crisis in France-deep debt
French wars and support for AR
Unreformed tax system and lavish spending
1788-Bad harvest led to starvation
Royal misters devised new tax schemes, only
to be stymied by parlements
 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette detached and
ineffective, not seen as patriotic “servants of
the state”
Jacques Necker (1732-1804)
 Royal director of finances
 Downplayed France’s financial difficulties
 Argued that if you took out the AR expenses,
France in a surplus
 Most revenues went to pensions for aristocrats,
dismissed and recalled
 Desire to recall the Estates-General-medieval
institution that had not met since 1614
 Would allow the nobles more direct control over
policy
The Estates-General
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Clash of the estates
1st estate-Clergy
2nd estate-Nobility
3rd estate-Bourgeoeise, workers
 Debate over organization and voting
 Voting done by estate rather than individual
member
 3rd estate had twice the members of each other
estate
 Distrust of the 3rd estate towards the nobility
The Estates General
The cahiers de Doleances
 The lists of grievances
 Documents criticized government waste,
taxes, church taxes and hunting rights
 Called for equality of rights, and free press
 Call for major reform and end to aristocratic
privileges
The Third Estate becomes the
national assembly
 Conflict over organizing and method of voting
 3rd estate locked out of hall
 June 1-3rd estate and sympathetic nobles and
clergy declare themselves to be the National
assembly. Locked out by King
 Tennis Court Oath-took an oath that they would
not disband until they had written a constitution
for France
 King allows the NA to meet and vote by person
The Bastille
 Louis Musters royal troops near Versailles and
Paris
 Use of force?
 Dismisses Necker
 King now seen as opposing the reforms
 Bread riots in Paris
 July 14th-Parisians march to Bastille to get
weapons, troops fire on people, Bastille stormed
and dismantled
 National Guard-headed by Marquis de Lafayette
 King has no choice but to recognize
The Bastille
The “Great Fear” and the
Night of August 4
 Riots in the French countryside
 Peasants attack Feudal manors
 Destroy Feudal documents and records
 Aristocrats in the Assembly pass August 4
reforms
 Renounced feudal rights, dues , and tithes
 Abolished the social institutions of the old
regime
The Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the
Citizen
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Statement of broad political principles
All men are born free and remain equal in rights
Political sovereignty lay in the nation and its reps
Rights are liberty, property, and security
All citizens equal in law
Freedom of religion
Property a sacred right
Used universal language
Applied to men and not women
The Bread March of the Women
 Bread riots continued
 Louis XVI stalling
 October 5-7000 women armed with knives
and swords march to Versailles
 Parisians demand that king and queen return
to Paris
 King had no choice but to leave Versailles
Constitution of 1791
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Established a constitutional monarchy
Unicameral legislative assembly
Monarch has suspensive veto power to delay
Only active citizens could vote-men who paid
taxes
Property restriction to serve in assembly
50,000 citizens out of 25 million
No women could vote or hold office
Power transferred to all forms of propertied
wealth, rather than privilege of birth
Economic Policy
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Confiscation of church lands
Finance the debt by selling church property
Authorized the issuance of assignats (bonds)
Value determined by revenue from sale of church
property
Created inflation, religious schism, and civil war
1790-Civil Constitution of the clergy-RC church now
part of the secular state
Priests salaried by state, had to take loyalty oath
Pope Pius condemned, Catholics had to make choice
between religious devotion and revolutionary
support
Counter-revolution
 16000 emigres flee France
 King’s younger brother, Count of Artois
convinces King to attempt to flee
 June 1791-Louis and his family disguised as
servants captured in Varennes on border
 Soldiers escort him back to Paris
 King now seen as enemy of revolution
 1791-Declaration of Pillnitz-Emperor Leopold II
promised to intervene to save monarchy in
France if all others Europeans agreed
The End of the Monarchy
 Emergence of the Jacobins
 3rd Estate organized into clubs
 Radical Jacobins called for a republic and the end
of the monarchy, led by the Girodists who now
led the assembly
 1792-The Girondists led the Assembly to declare
war on Austria
 King also supported the war-hoped that foreign
armies would restore the Old Regime
 War radicalized all the factions
 1792-King and his family imprisoned
The National Convention and
the role of the SansCullottes
 Rise of the Paris Commune-executed 1200
people in the city jails
 Called for universal male suffrage in Assembly
 1792-The National Convention meets
 French army defeats Prussian army at Battle of
Valmy in eastern France
 NC declares that France is now a republic
The Sans-Cullotes
 Radical Jacobins
 Means “without breeches”
 Shopkeepers, artisans, wage-earners, factory
workers
 Became the primary drivers of the revolution
 Demanded price controls
 Hatred of inequalities
 Strongly republican
 Rise of the Mountain-more extreme Jacobins
that were willing to work with the sans-cullotes
The Sans-cullotes
Execution of the King
 1792-Louis XVI put on trial as “Citizen Capet”
 Condemned to death and executed in 1793
 Marie Antoinette condemned and executed
 1793-Convention declares war on GB and
Holland, and later on Spain
 France on the brink of disaster
Execution
Europe at War with the
Revolution
 Edmund Burke (1729-1799) Reflections on the
Revolution in France
 Condemned the French Revolution
 Application of a blind rationalism
 People without political experience trying to
govern France
 Revolution would become violent and end in
despotism
 Handbook of European conservatives
 Increasing division in the US over the FR
The Reign of Terror
 National Convention invades Austrian
Netherlands and declares war on GB
 April 1793-Fr at war with Austria, Prussia, GB,
Spain, Sardinia, and Holland
 Intense French nationalism and desire to protect
the Republic
 Imagined enemies of the revolution, from within
and without
 Extensive executions and violence
 Jacobins versus the Girondists
The Reign of Terror
 1793-the Committee of Public Safety
 Headed by Maximilien Robespierre
 Carried out executive duties of government
 Waged war and ensured domestic support
 Issued a levee en masse-military mobilization
of the entire population-mandatory
conscription
 Citizen army with well over 1 million men
The “Republic of Virtue”
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Civic virtue-Rousseau’s Social Contract
Sacrifice of ones self for the good of the republic
Supported by the Sans-Cullotes
General will over individual interests
1. Egalitarian titles
2. Simple clothing
3. new calendar based on revolution
4. De-christianization5. Metric system
Repression of the Society of
Revolutionary Republican
women
 Radical group of revolutionary women
 October 1793-Banned by Jacobins
 Olympe de Gouges-declaration of the Rights
of Women
 Guillotined in November
 Exclusion of women from the military and
public life
Jean Paul Marat-friend of
the people
De-Christianization
 New Calendar in France-12 months of 30 days
each
 Names associated with seasons and climate
 Every 10th day a holiday
 Nov 1793-Cathedral of Notre Dame called the
Temple of Reason
 Closed churches, persecuted and killed priests
 Closed Churches down
 1794-Cult of the Supreme Being introduced
Revolutionary Tribunals
 Summer of 1793
 Try the enemies of the Republic
 25000 beheaded on the Guillotine
 1. members of the royal family and aristocrats
 2. the Girondists politicians
 3. peasants, members of the churches, and the
sans-cullotes
 4. The Jacobins including Jacques Danton
 5. Robespierre executed
The Thermidorian Reaction
 Reaction against the radical violence
 Paris Commune ended and radical Jacobin clubs
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outlawed
White terror on the Jacobins
Revival of Catholic church
Constitution of Year 3 (1795)
2 house legislature
Executive committee of directors (Directory)
Property owners had the right to vote
Peasants largest new propertied class
The Directory
 Removal the ceiling on bread prices
 Food riots by sans-cullotes in 1794 and 1795
 Royalist agents spark riots
 General Napoleon Bonaparte saves the
directory with a “whiff of grapeshot”
 France still at war with Austria and Prussia
 Growing social and political unrest
Ch 11-The Age of Napolean
The Rise of Napolean
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Chief threat to the Revolution were royalists
Spring elections-1797-monarchists in power
Directory and military stage coup d’etat
Born in Corsica
French military academy
Military commander in Italy
1797-Attack on British interests in Egypt
Lord Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet, NB
cut off
The Constitution of Year
VIII
 Directory support eroding
 Abbe Sieyes call for a new constitution,
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“confidence from below, power from above”
1799-Napolean returns a national hero
Establishment of Consulate-3 consuls with
executive powers (1799-1804)
Napoleon becomes 1st Consul-military
dictator
Voters approve by plebiscite
Napoleonic reforms
 Made peace with the Catholic church
 Signed Concordat of 1801
 1. State named the bishops and paid their
salaries, had to take loyalty oath
 2. Church gave up claims for confiscated
property
 3. Catholicism recognized as dominant
religion in France
The Napoleonic Code
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1802-Napolean named consul for life
Civil Code of 1804
Equality of all citizens before the law
Forbade privileges based on birth
Safeguarded all forms of property, even for
peasants
Workers originations remained banned
Fathers granted control over children and
husbands over wives
Primogeniture abolished
Divorce more difficult for women than men
The Haitian revolution
 Ideals of FR spread to New World
 Black slaves could revolt against white
masters-1st time
 Slave rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
 1793-French abolished slavery
 Napoleon sent army, captured L’O
 Sold his NA empire to US
 1804-France recognized independence
Empire-1804 Crowned emperor
Empire
 La Grand Armee-700,000 men under arms
 May 1803-Britain declares war
 1805-Battle of Trafalgar
 British supremacy of the seas
 Ended French hopes of invading GB
Napoleon wins victories
 1805-Battle of Austerlitz-Napolean defeats
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combined Austrian and Russian force
King of Italy
Reorganized German states-Confederation of
the Rhine
1806-defeats Prussian forces at Jena
1807-Defeats Russian forces, occupies East
Prussia
Battle of Austerlitz
The Continental System
 Cut off all trade between European continent
and the British
 British-Orders in Council-no nations can trade
with France
 British enforced with powerful navy-trade
with North and South America
 Economy of Europe suffered
Wars of Liberation
 Napoleon's brother Joseph on Spanish throne
 Spanish used guerrilla warfare against French
 Peninsular campaign drained French
resources
 British land forces led Sir Arthur Wellesley
The Invasion of Russia
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Invasion with 600,000 men
Russian scorched earth policy
French supply lines extended
1812-Major battle 30 miles from Moscow
Russians burned Moscow-hollow victory
Russian winter sets in, napoleon orders
retreat
 Only 100,ooo survived, exposure, frostbite,
starvation, guerilla tactics
Advance of the Grand Army
Retreat
European Coalition
 1813-Coalition of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and
GB defeat Napoleon at Leipzig in the Battle
of the Nations
 1814-Allied army marched into Paris
 Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba
The Congress of Vienna
 Treaty of Chaumont-Restored the Bourbons to
throne and placed France to old borders
 Formation of Quadruple Alliance-Britain, Prussia,
Russia, and Austria
 Congress of Vienna-Sept 1814
 4 great powers dominated-dominated by
conservatives
 Reestablished the rule of legitimate monarchs
 Rejected republican and democratic policies
 Reestablish a stable balance of power
Napoleon and the 100 Days
 Escapes Elba on March 1, 1815
 Returns to Paris, reestablishes rule
 Battle of Waterloo in Belgium-Napoleon
defeated by combined allied forces
 Exiled to St Helena off the coast of Africa
 Tsar Alexander proposes a Holy Alliance-
based on Christian principles-
St Helena
The Quadruple Alliance
 Goal was to prevent warfare and maintain a
lasting peace
 Create a framework for stability
 Also used to prevent revolutions-fire department
of Europe
 Austrian Klemons von Metternich powerful
player in international diplomacy
 Called the Concert of Europe
 Intact for half a century and prevented a general
European war for 100 years
The Romantic Era
Romanticism
 Period of time after the French and
revolution
 Reflected reaction against cold reason of
Enlightenment and social changes of
Industrial revolution
 Focus on the imagination and the individual
 Urged revival of Christianity and folklore,
folksongs, and fairy tales
Romanticism and reason
 Intellectual foundations in Protestant pietism
and dramatic German poetry of Sturm and
Drang (Storm and stress)
 Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant
 Questioned rationalism and reason
 Rousseau-Emile-idea that society corrupted
the individual and that each child be raised
with maximum freedom
Kant and Reason
 The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
 Accepted the rationalism of enlightenment
and preserved belief in human freedom,
belief in God , and immortality
 Sphere of reality accessible to pure reason
limited
 Noumenal world exists-world of moral and
aesthetic reality known by “practical reason “
and conscience
The Categorical Imperative
 Inner command to act in ever situation as one
would have all other people act in the same
situation
Example
1. Making a promise that you do not intend to
keep
Romantic Literature
 Term came to be applied to all literature that
did not follow classical forms and gave free
play to the imagination
Samuel Taylor ColeridgeEnglish Gothic Poet Imagination was God at work in the mind
 He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things
both great and small;For the dear God who
loveth us, He made and loveth all.
 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
William Wordsworth