Transcript The Cultural Geography of Europe

Mr. Marston
Geography
Dominion Christian High School
Europe is ethnically diverse
 Migration
 Cultural diffusion
 Conflict
 Changing borders
 Europe
,
Europe
 160 million ethnic groups: shared ancestry, language,
customs, and religion.
 Ex.
 Sweden: ethnic majority (Swedes)
 Belgium (Flemings and the Walloons)
Flemings (56%)
Walloons (32%)
Ethnic Tension: Yugoslavia
 Balkan Peninsula (See Yugoslavia powerpoint)
Serbia
Croatia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Kosovo
Albania
Ethnic Cleansing: the expulsion or killing of rival ethnic
groups.
Refugees: people who flee to a foreign country for safety.
Sources of Unity: Common
attitudes and Values
 Europeans value the past and the cultural achievement
of their ancestors
 Pride in families
 Commitment to democracy
 Commitment to free markets, but with some
governmental regulation
 Left leaning in government orientation
Europe: Population Characteristics
 2nd in land area to Australia
 3rd in population behind Asia and Africa
620 million people live in Europe
________the largest country in terms of population
________the smallest country in terms of population
Population Density: 2nd highest population density
behind Asia.
Where people live
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Favorable climates
Plains
Fertile soil
Mineral resources
Inland waterways
 Major population areas
a. United Kingdom to France into the Czech Republic
and Poland
b. Southeastern France to Northern Italy
Urbanization
Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from an
agricultural society to an urban one.
Urbanization: concentration of populations in towns
and cities.
75% of Europeans live in cities.
Paris, France
Stockholm, Sweden
London, England
Budapest, Hungary
Rome, Italy
Athens, Greece
Madrid, Spain
Berlin, Germany
Population Movements
 1800’s and early 1900’s: many Europeans migrated to the
Americas, Africa, and the South Pacific.
 Fewer Europeans have left since the mid 1900’s.
 More foreigners are moving to Europe for economic
opportunities.
France: immigrants from North Africa
Germany: Turkey, Greece, and Balkan countries
Britain: South Asia, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern countries
Balancing act between accommodation of immigrants and
limiting further immigration
History an Government
 Early Civilizations:
a) Ancient Greece
Greek city states: independent towns (Athens, Sparta,
Corinth) with own government and military, but
possessed similar culture and language as other city
states in Rome.
Athens introduced Western democracy, although only
male citizens could vote.
a) Rome: From Republic to Empire. Rome controlled
much of Europe and parts of the Middle East at its
height of power.
Ancient Greece
Roman Empire
Hail Caesar!
Christianity
 Under the Emperor Constantine, Christianity became
religiously tolerated in the Empire in 313 A.D.
Split of Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Capital of Constantinople
Eastern Orthodox Church
Present day Istanbul
Middle Ages (500 to 1,000 A.D.)
 Feudalism: system in which monarchs or lords gave
land to nobles in return for pledge of fealty (loyalty)
 Roman Catholic Church became primary institution in
western Europe
 Cathedrals and monasteries were major centers of
learning
 Islam and Judaism influenced Europe.
Expansion of Europe
 Crusades: series of wars fought against the Muslims in
the Middle East: to win back the Holy Land.
 One result: Opened up trade routes to the East (Spices,
jade, porcelain) and other goods were traded with Asia
Renaissance (1300-1500)
 “Rebirth” of ancient Greek and Roman Texts
 An intentional examination of ancient works that
emphasized and focused on the individual
 Elevation of man
 Invention of movable type printing
Reformation 1517-1600
 Religious movement which emphasized
Sola scriptura
Sola fide
Priesthood of all believers
Deemphasized Roman Catholic Church rituals and
practices
Martin Luther: Started the Reformation in Holy Roman
Empire (Germany) that led to the growth of
Protestantism
European Exploration
 Spain and Portugal discovered new waterways to Asia
and explored North America
 Later explorations sponsored by France, England, and
Holland
Enlightenment (1600’s-1700’s)
 Enlightenment: a movement that questioned many of
the longstanding traditions and values of the time.
 Medicine
 Medical innovations
 Astronomy: From a ge0-centric to a helio-centric view
Revolutions
 English Revolution: passed Bill of Rights that limited
the king’s power. Parliament would become supreme.
 French Revolution: overthrew the king and spread the
forces of liberty, equality, and fraternity (brotherhood)
 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848: attempts at
overthrowing the status quo monarchies of Europe.
 Industrial Revolution: transformed Europe from an
economy based on agriculture to an urban based one.
 Industrial capitalism: an economic system in which
business leaders used profits to expand their
companies.
 New social classes developed under industrial
capitalism
Middle class of merchants and factory owners
Working class of factory laborers
Social problems led to the rise of
Communism: a philosophy that called for a society based
on economic equality in which the workers would
control the factories and means of production.
World War I and World War II
 End of Empires: Russia, Austro-Hungary and Germany
 Independent countries form in SE Europe
 Reparations: payments made to victorious side to pay
for war.
 World War II:
Rise of fascism and totalitarian regimes in Italy and
Germany.
Holocaust: the purposeful mass killing of millions of
Jews during World War II.
Europe Divided: 1945-1989
 Capitalist West
 Communist East
 Cold War: a struggle between the United States and its
allies and the Soviet Union and its allies throughout
Europe and the world.
 Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation:
West Germany formed from British, American, and
French zones
East Germany: formed from Russian zone
Construction of the Berlin Wall: “Anti-Imperialist Wall”
1950’s to 1980’s
 Challenges against Communism took place
 Hungary 1956
 Czechoslovakia: “Prague Spring” in 1968
 Poland under Lech Walesa and Solidarity, the first free
labor union in the communist world.
 1989: Eastern European governments began to fall.
Reunification of Germany
Czechoslovakia split into Czech Republic and Slovakia
Languages and Dialects
 Dialects: local forms of languages
 Language family: group of related languages that
developed from an earlier language.
Slavic
Baltic
Germanic
Romance: Languages of the Roman Empire
Not Indo-European:
Uralic: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian
Basque: in Spain
Religion
 Christianity
Roman Catholic and Protestant
 Judaism
 Islam
Changes in Western Europe
 EU: “European Union.” organization of countries that
reduced trade barriers and made the movement of
goods and services easier.
 The Maastricht Treaty: (1992) set goals for a central
bank and a common currency (Euro)