Transcript Age of Explorations Lecture

Europe and the World:
New Encounters, 15th- 19th C
The Motives for Exploration
Travels of John
Mandeville
Legend of Prester John
Mar Thoma
Fascination with the East
The Polos
“God, Glory, and Gold”
Religious zeal (New converts)
Fame (1st to discover a…)
Economic motives (Fabled cities
of gold)
The Means of Exploration
Portolani (charts)
Compasses &
astrolabes
Ptolemy’s
Geography
Caravel Ships
Axial rudders
Lateen sails
New Horizons
The Portuguese Empire
Development of Portuguese “Empire”
Prince Henry “the Navigator”
(1394-1460)
School for Navigators, 1419
1441: Atlas Mtns: Look for Au,
bring back slaves
1471: West Africa: discovers gold,
renamed Gold Coast.
Begin leasing land & building
forts to trade ivory, Au & slaves
1497: Bartolomeu Dias
Rounds Cape of Good Hope, but
turns back after threatened mutiny
Development of Portuguese “Empire”
Vasco de Gama rounds
Cape travels to Zanzibar
(1497); on to Calicut (‘98)
Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque
Base in Goa, 1510
Conquers Malacca, 1511
• Destroys Arab spice trade
Success of Portugal
Portuguese ventured east to
China & Moluccas (Spice
Islands)
Portuguese too weak to establish
real empire.
Limited to trading posts.
Success based on Weaponry &
Seamanship
Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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The Spanish Empire
Voyages to the New World
Christopher Columbus (14511506)
Bahamas - October 12, 1492
Voyages in 1493, 1498,
1502
Line of Demarcation &
Treaty of Tordesillas
Split New World b/t Spain
& Portugal
John Cabot, for Henry 8
1497
Pedro Cabral, 1500
Ferdinand Magellan & Del
Cano, 1519-1522
Spanish Empire in the Americas
Early Civilizations
in Mesoamerica
Mayas- Yucatan &
Central America
Aztecs- Mexico
Early Civilizations
in Peru
Moche & Nazca
Inca
Conquistadores!
Conquest of Mexico
Hernán Cortés: Mexico,
1519-1522
• Aztecs- Moctezuma
Conquest of Peru
Francisco Pizarro -Peru, 1531-1536
• Inca- Atahualpa
Chief weapons
Horses & guns
Internecine rivalry
• Allied w/ rival tribes
Disease
• Smallpox preceded them
Administration of the Spanish Empire
Encomiendas- Originally to curb abuse
Span Landlords of “Castilian”
Indian Tenants
• Spanish protect, pay, & provide
spiritual direction to tenants
• Reality: new name for slave labor
Viceroyalties of New Spain &
Peru
Audiencias- Royal Courts of
Justice
Ecclesiastical Powers- King had
power to appoint bishops, cardinals,
supervise religious orders that came to New
World
• Only monarch with this power
Disease
30-40% died from
smallpox, typhus,
measles
The Aztec
The Inca
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New Rivals on the World Stage
Africa: The Slave Trade
Dutch East India Company- took over Portuguese trading
empire as their power waned
Sugar trade increased need for slaves
Growth in the Slave Trade
275,000 enslaved Africans exported during the sixteenth
century
1,000,000 Africans exported in the seventeenth century
6,000,000 African sent out in the eighteenth century
Altogether 10 million Africans exported
Slave ships- 50% British, rest divided b/t Fr, Dutch, Port,
Dan, & Am
Slave traders- Historians once thought Euros controlled trade,
but now see African middlemen actively participated also
The Slave Trade
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Effects of the Slave Trade
Economic
End of cottage industries
PoliticalIncrease in internecine
warfare w/i Africa
Social
Destruction of cultures,
increase in human sacrifice
Opposition to slaveryQuakers
• France: 1790s; Britain: 1807;
US, 1865
The West in Southeast Asia
The Moluccas
Portuguese displaced
Too small to maintain
huge empire
Brits take possession
Dutch take possession
of Indonesia by 18th C
Make capital at
Batavia
Monopoly on
Indonesian spices
• Destruction of clove
trees
Indochina
Mainland nations resisted Euro
domination
Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Angkor
• All had strong monarchies
Missionaries early 17th C
Trade thru 18th C
Euros got inroads by supporting
rival factions in civil conflicts
Prince Canh to Louis XVI
Treaty of Versailles. 1787
19th C: Increasing political control
Vietnam: French capital of Indochina
The West in India
The French & British in India
The Mughal Empire
Britain
Fort William
(Calcutta)
• Black Hole
France
Pondicherry
Battle of Plassey,
1757
Brit E. India Co. has
right to collect taxes
British in India
After 7 Years
War , Fr.
power gone
from India
B.E.I.C. moves
inland; secures
new marketssimple econ strategynow seen as
beginning of
Brit hegemony
over
subcontinent
The Qing Empire
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Qing Kangxi
Qing Qianlong
Qing Yongzheng
Qing Jiaqing
China
Ming to Qing
Ming falling in
power (weak
rulers)
Begins in 1644 by
Manchu invaders
Qing blessed
with strong long
serving emperors
• Kangxi (61 yrs)
• Yongzheng (13
yrs)
• Qianlong (59 yrs)
• Jiaqing (24 yrs)
Western Inroads in China
17th –mid 18th C, Qing losing
prestige
Military campaigns taking up
treasury
Population explosion
• Famine
• Land shortage
Europe clamors for more
trade
Russia: silks & furs
Britain- tea & Silk
Canton- Brits confined to
island off coast
Trade from Oct –March
Qianlong has no desire for
trade
Lord Macartney
sent to change mind- kowtow?
Fail
Japan
@ end of 15th C,
Japan in anarchy
For next C,
centralization
developed slowly
Tokugawa Ieyasu (15431616)
Est’d shogunate
• Central authority
flowed down to
daimyos (lords)
Japan Opens to the West
Portuguese traders arrive
1543
Regular trade follows
Fascinated by Euro goods
• Tobacco, clocks,
eyeglasses, & GUNS!
Effect on architecture
• W/ guns & cannon, stone
towers follow
Francis Xavier & Jesuits
arrive in 1549: GREAT
success
w/i 30 yrs, 130,000
converts
The Honeymoon Ends
Results in strong
reaction from Shoguns
All Western missionaries
expelled
Japanese Christians
persecuted
Revolt crushed- bloodily
Western merchants next
to go
• All trading posts shut
down & everyone expelled
except Dutch
• Dutch allowed to stay at
Nagasaki (NLT 2 months
@ a time)
The Americas
As silver mines gave out &
empire costs cont’d drain
treasury, Spain & Portugal
weakened & supplanted by
Dutch, French, & British
The West Indies
Britain & France
• Est’d large plantation
colonies
 Jamaica: 50K tons of
sugar via 200K slaves
 Haiti: 100K tons via
50K slaves
 Very high death
rates
Spain & the Asiento
As Spain’s econ
fell, looked for
new ways to
raise capital
Spain
outsourced it’s
slave trade
Monopolies
granted to
other countries
& merchants to
provide slaves
for colonies
North America
Henry Hudson, 1609
New Netherlands
Britain
Virginia
Massachusetts Bay
Colony
French
Canada
• Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
• Seven Years’ War, 1763
Toward a World Economy
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Economic Conditions in the 16th Century
Inflation
Price revolution
• Wages don’t
keep up
• Standard of
living declines
Influx of
precious metals
drove prices up
Population boom
led to greater
demand for
food/land
Profit inflation
Mercantilism
Supply of bullion
(gold and silver)
Balance of trade
Protect export
industry and trade
by granting
monopolies
Encourage
investment in new
industries
Role of the state
Trade= war waged
by other means
Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement Toward Globalization
Overseas
expansion with
colonies and
trading posts
Inter-European
trade still
dominant
Impact of European Expansion
The Conquered
Nat Am civs
Population losses
Africa
Impact of the slave
trade
Portuguese trading
posts in East had little
impact on Nat Asian
civs
Lat Am civ
Central & South Am
Intermarriage
Slaves
Ecology
The Conquerors
Dreams of land
Opportunities for
women
Discovery of
sources of gold
and silver
Columbian
exchange
Deepened rivalries
New view of the
world
Catholic Missionaries
America
Doms, Francs, &
Jesuits
Christianization
Brought Nat Ams
together into villages
Construction of hospitals,
orphanages, and schools
Nunneries
China
Jesuits
Success of Jesuits, Doms,
and Francs
300,00 converts
Japan
Jesuits