Transcript Europe in the Seventeenth Century

Chapter 11
The West: 1600-1800
Europe in the Seventeenth Century
1. As part of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained Artois, parts of Alsace and Lorraine, and the cities of Verdun and Metz. In 1678 the
Peace of Nimwegen, ending the war against the Dutch, Brandenburg, Spain, and the Holy Roman Fmpire, resulted in France gaining FrancheComte from Spain. From 1689 to 1697 France engaged in war against the League of Augsburg as Louis moved east against the Holy Roman
Hmpire. Louis consolidated control over Alsace and Lorraine and then occupied Strasbourg. By the Treaty of Ryswich in 1697 France kept
Strasbourg and part of Alsace.
2. The last war for Louis XIV was the War of the Spanish Succession. When Charles II of Spain (1665-1700) died in 1700 he left the throne to Louis'
grandson Philip. This bequeath created concern among the European states which feared that the thrones of Spain and France might one day
merge. Fears became reality when Louis sent French troops into the Spanish Netherlands supposedly to guarantee the territory for his grandson.
Facing a coalition of the European states, war dragged on from 1702 to 1713. When peace came, France gained only the acceptance of Philip as the
Bourbon king of Spain providing that he renounce his claim to the French throne and that the two crowns never be united.
3. The traditional Austrian hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs consisted of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tyrol. Bohemia was
reclaimed during the Thirty years' War. Although the crown of Hungary had been worn by the Austrian emperor since 1526, in truth, he exercised
authority only over northwest Hungary. In the south, the revival of Ottoman power resulted in their pushing west up the Danube into Hungary,
Slovenia, Croatia, and north into Transylvania. By 1683 Vienna was under siege but after two months it was lifted. In 1687 the Turks were defeated;
Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia were regained by Austria.
4. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands (Austrian Netherlands) and occupied the
Spanish possessions of Milan, Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples.
5. The Hohenzollerns began ruling the insignificant lands of Brandenburg in 1417. The family inherited territories along the Rhine River in western
Germany in 1609. The duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) was added by inheritance in 1618 as a fief from Poland. Thus, by the seventeenth century
Brandenburg-Prussia consisted of three disconnected territories. Frederick William (1640-1688), the Great Elector, realized the weakness of these
lands without any natural frontiers and pursued policies to correct the situation. As a result of Frederick William's siding with Poland in a war against
Sweden in the late 1650s, Poland's overlordship in East Prussia was surrendered. By the time Frederick William died in 1688 a single state of
Brandenburg-Prussia had been created.
Questions:
1. Why was Louis XIV at war with the various European states?
2. What were the consequences of the wars of Europe in the seventeenth century?
Europe in the Seventeenth Century
 Absolutism and Constitutionalism
 Absolutism placed ultimate power in the monarch
Jacques Bossuet, divine right
Thomas Hobbes, absolute authority to impose order
Mercantilism call for supervision of the economy
 Decline of Spain
Employs absolutism and mercantilism
Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), 1516-1556
Philip II, 1556-1598
 Claimed the Portuguese throne, 1580
 Armada against England, 1588
Economic stagnation and government mismanagement
 France under Louis XIV
 Growth of the Huguenots (Calvinists)
 Henry IV, first Bourbon king
 Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister seeks to reassert
royal authority
Cardinal Jules Mazarin
 Louis XIV
Fronde
Divine right ruler, excludes the aristocracy from
important government offices
Need for religious uniformity
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, mercantilism
Four wars between 1667 and 1713
Builds the Versailles Palace outside Paris
Established academies and subsidizes artists
 Baroque style
 English Constitutionalism
 Tudors (1485-1603) flirted with absolutism but restricted
by Parliament
Elizabeth I, 1558-1603
 Solved religious problems
 Active foreign policy
 James I, 1603-1625, first Stuart
Claimed divine right
 Charles I, 1625-1649
 Petition of Right, 1628
 Rules without Parliament for 11 years
 Civil War breaks out, 1642
 Under Oliver Cromwell, parliamentary forces defeat the
king and execute him, January 1649
 Commonwealth established by Cromwell
 Death of Cromwell in 1658 left England without a strong
leader
 Charles II, 1660-1685; monarchy restored
 Emergence of Tories and Whigs
 Charles I, 1625-1649
 Petition of Right, 1628
 Rules without Parliament for 11 years
 Civil War breaks out, 1642
 Under Oliver Cromwell, parliamentary forces defeat the
king and execute him, January 1649
 Commonwealth established by Cromwell
 Death of Cromwell in 1658 left England without a strong
leader
 Charles II, 1660-1685; monarchy restored
 Emergence of Tories and Whigs
 James II, 1685-1688
 Catholic
 Dismissed Parliament
 Declaration of Indulgence
 Birth of a son insures a Catholic dynasty
 Daughter Mary (Protestant) married to William III of
Orange (Dutch Republic)
 Glorious Revolution, 1688
 William leads an invasion, 1688; James flees
 William , 1689-1702, and Mary, 1689-1694, 1689
 Age of Science
 The Renaissance demanded more precise navigation
instruments
 Aristotelian thought dominates science
 Sir Francis Bacon, empiricism
 René Descartes, deductive reasoning
 Nicholas Copernicus, heliocentric universe
 Johannes Kepler, laws of planetary motion
 Galileo Galilei, acceleration of falling bodies, use of the
telescope
 Sir Isaac Newton, gravity
Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700
1. Among the first scientific societies was the Academy of Experiments established in Florence in 1657 by two of Galileo's students and patronized
by the Medicis. It had laboratory facilities to carry out experiments.
2. The English Royal Society evolved out of the informal gatherings of scientists at London and Oxford in the 1640s. Charles II chartered Oxford in
1662 but it received little state support.
3. The French Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris grew out of informal scientific meetings in the 1650s and gained formal recognition by Louis XIV
in 1666. It received extensive state support and remained under state control. Members were appointed and paid salaries by the state.
4. The construction of observatories in 1675 at Paris and at Greenwich in England greatly facilitated research in astronomy.
5. The Scientific Academy was created in Berlin by the elector of Brandenburg in 1700. Sponsored by the government, it was devoted to the
betterment of the state.
6. Beginning in 1665 the Journal de Savants was published weekly in Paris. The journal provided its readers general scientific knowledge and
results of experiments. In England, The English Royal Society published Philosophical Transactions beginning in 1665. With a focus upon
practicing scientists, it published papers of its members and learned correspondence.
7. Amsterdam was a center of publishing since the seventeenth century.
8. The Enlightenment in Sweden was focused at Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences established in 1741. Also significant was Linnaeus's Botanical
Gardens created at Uppsala in 1741. The Swedish Academy was established in 1786 at Stockholm.
9. More books were written in the eighteenth century on education than all previous centuries combined. In general, there was discontent with the
control of education by the clergy that gave rise to a demand that there be state regulation and inspection of educational facilities. By the second half
of the eighteenth century, new schools were established in Prussia, Belgium, Austria, and Russia. These schools taught practical subjects suited to
the interests of the people.
10. The teaching of medicine in the eighteenth century was centered at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. Also of importance for medicine
were Edinburgh University in Scotland and a new medical school founded in Vienna.
11. Emperors, kings, and princes throughout Europe sought to demonstrate their wealth and power by building palaces imitating the estate of the
French king at Versailles. While they were able to reproduced the size, the style original. Baroque-Rococo blended into the whole building
sculptured figures as well as wall and ceiling paintings.
Question:
1. How did the universities represent centers of dissemination for the Enlightenment?
Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700
 The Enlightenment
 Classic learning preserved by the Islamic state
 Contact with other cultures
 New scientific discoveries
 Expose faults in traditional institutions
 Philosophes – social critics relying on rational analysis
François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire
 Reformer and critic of the Catholic church
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Humans good but corrupted by civilization
 The Social Contract, individual aims
subordinated to the “general will”
 Denis Diderot, co-editor of Encyclopedia, a reference work
for 18th century learning
 Deism
 Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman
 John Locke, rights of life, liberty, and property
 Right of revolution
 Baron de Montesquieu, powers of government divided
among executive, legislative, and judiciary
 Cesare Beccaria, aims of punishment not to extract
vengeance
 Adam Smith, supply and demand
 Arts in the Age of Enlightenment
 Interest in common people
 William Hogarth, painter
 Daniel Defoe and Henry Fielding wrote first novels
 Johann Sebastin Bach, religious music
 Emergence of symphonic orchestras, new themes for
operas
 Eastern Europe and Enlightened Despotism
 Recognition of the need for internal reforms
Development of economy
Curbing the nobility and the church
The Growth of the Austrian Empire, 1526-1795
1. The traditional Austrian hereditary possessions consisted of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tyrol. During the Thirty Years' War Austria
reclaimed Bohemia. Since 1526 the Austrian emperor had also worn the crown of Hungary. In truth, however, the Austrian emperor exercised
authority only over the northwest portion of Hungary.
2. The revival of Turkish power by the Ottomans resulted in their pushing west up the Danube once again into Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia and
north into Transylvania. By 1683 the Turks had laid siege to Vienna. After two months, the Europeans lifted the siege and went on a counteroffensive culminating with the defeat of the Turks in 1687 at the second battle of Mohacs (the first battle marked a Turkish victory in 1526 as they
penetrated Hungary). With the Turks routed, Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia were regained by Austria.
3. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands and occupied the Spanish possessions of Milan,
Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples.
4. In 1740 Charles VI (1711-1740) of Austria died leaving his daughter Maria Theresa (1740-1780) the throne. During the last years of his life
Charles sought to have the other European states sign the Pragmatic Sanction which would guarantee Austrian territory after his death. Although the
document was signed by Frederick William I of Prussia, his son Frederick the Great chose to ignore it and invaded the rich land of Silesia thereby
touching off the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Other states sought to take advantage of Austria's weakness and also attacked. At the
end of the war Prussia still retained Silesia.
5. In conjunction with Russia and Prussia, Austria helped carve up Poland in 1772 and received Galicia.
Questions:
1. How did the Austrian Empire grow in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
2. Why was Austria unable to retain Silesia?
The Growth of the Austrian Empire, 1526-1795
 Austrian Absolutism (Habsburgs)
 Leopold I, 1658-1705, defends against the Ottomans and
expands territory
 Charles VI, 1705-1740, relies on the aristocracy
 Joseph II, 1780-1790
Creates centralized bureaucracy that abridges rights
of local assemblies
Confiscate church wealth
Grants of citizenship and religious toleration
New penal code that prohibits torture
Abolished serfdom
Most reforms rescinded after Joseph’s death
The Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795
 Prussian Absolutism (Hohenzollerns)
 Frederick William I, 1688-1740
Built powerful army
Efficient government bureaucracy
Junkers
 Frederich II, 1740-1786, The Great
Corrected abuses
Mercantilism
Expanded farming
Codification of the laws
Maintained hierarchical social order
War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763
The Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795
1. The Hohenzollerns began to rule the insignificant lands of Brandenburg in 1417. The family inherited territories along the Rhine in western
Germany in 1609. The duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) was added by inheritance in 1618 as a fief from Poland. Thus, by the seventeenth century
Brandenburg-Prussia consisted of three disconnected territories. Frederick William I (1640-1688), the Great Elector, soon realized the weakness of
these lands without any natural frontiers and pursued policies to correct the situation.
2. Although Brandenburg had little impact on the Thirty Years' War, Frederick William did win from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the territories of
Magdeburg and eastern Pomerania.
3. As a result of Frederick William's siding with Poland in a war against Sweden in the late 1650s, Poland's overlordship in East Prussia was
surrendered. By the time Frederick William died in 1688 a single state of Brandenburg-Prussia had been created.
4. In 1740 Frederick II (1740-1786), the Great, took advantage of the death of Charles VI (1711-1740) of Austria to invade the nearby Austrian
territory of Silesia which had a large population, industry, and natural resources. The conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) confirmed Prussia's title to the land.
5. The partition of Poland between 1772 and 1795 was a result of Frederick the Great’s concerns over the 1769 Russian military victory against the
Turks in the Balkans. An apprehensive Austria, fearing an alteration of the balance of power in the region, made clear its opposition to further
Russian expansion. Frederick concurred and persuaded Russia to take Polish territory instead. At the same time, Austria and Prussia took slices
out of Poland. For Poland, the loss represented 30 percent of its lands and half its population.
6. The acquisition of West Prussia in 1772 permitted the physical joining of the two Prussias.
7. After the first partition, Russia exercised influence over Poland. Taking advantage of another Russian-Turkish conflict in 1788, Poland
established a brief independence. When the war ended in 1792, Russia and Prussia took two more bites out of Poland.
8. In 1794-95 a rebellion broke out in Poland against Russian interference. After crushing the insurrection, Austria, Prussia, and Russia finished
carving up Poland and it disappeared as a state.
Questions:
1. In what manner did Brandenburg-Prussia geographically grow to become a major European power?
2. Why did Prussia attack Silesia and what did it expect to gain?
From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-1796
 Russia
 Ivan III, 1462-1505, territorial expansion
 Ivan IV, 1533-1484, continued expansion and centralizes
the state
Serfdom
 Time of Troubles
 Peter I, 1682-1725, The Great
Strength the army
Gains territory in the Baltic
Builds St. Petersburg
Hires foreign experts
 Catherine II, 1762-1796, The Great
Failure to make social changes
Emelian Pugachev Rebellion, 1773
Territorial expansion
Latin America in the Eighteenth Century
1. The first European to reach South America was Christopher Columbus on the Third Voyage (1498-1500), anchoring at Trinidad and sailing the
eastern Venezuelan coast. The Spanish conquest of South America began when Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas in 1532-1533. In 1535 Lima,
the new capital, was founded. The southwestern coast (Chile) was occupied under Diego Almagro who established the cities of Santiago and
Valdivia.
In 1533, Santiago del Estero was founded by conquistadors coming from Peru. On the eastern coast (Argentina), Santa Maria de
Buenos Aires was first established in 1535 and re-founded in 1580. Two years later, in 1537, Asuncíon was established a thousand miles up the
Paraguay River. In 1605 Spanish Jesuits settled around Asuncíon and from there created missions that prospered producing surpluses in cotton,
hides, and tobacco. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled and the missions collapsed.
2. Although the Portuguese reached Brazil in 15001 it was generally ignored except for exploration expeditions and loggers seeking the red
brazilwood for dyes. The first permanent settlement was established in 1532 at São Vicente (near Santos). Inland, Piratininga was founded that
same year near the site of modern São Paulo. In 1549, Bahia was established, serving as the capital until 1763 when replaced by Rio de Janeiro.
By 1548 there were six sugar mills in São Vicente and in 1570 sixty mills throughout the northeast were producing about 2000 tons annually. Such
expansion led to the use of black slaves which was authorized by the king in 1552. By 1650 some 350 mills were in operation and their sugar
constituted more than ninety percent of the colony's export value.
3. In 1624-25, the Dutch seized Bahia but were expelled. In 1630 they returned to seize Olinda and then expanded their control over much of the
Brazilian northeast. Recife was also conquered that same year and became the Dutch capital. In 1641 Luanda in Africa was seized from the
Portuguese thereby providing a source of slaves for the Dutch sugar plantations. The Portuguese reasserted themselves forcing the Dutch to
withdraw from Brazil by 1661.
4. The French first established a colony in the bay of Rio de Janeiro in 1555 but were expelled in 1560. Shortly thereafter, in 1567, the Portuguese
founded Rio de Janeiro. Eventually, the French occupied the Amazon delta but were evicted in 1615.
5. Since the Spanish and Portuguese crowns were united between 1580 and 1640, the Brazilians used the opportunity to push beyond the Line of
Tordesillas which separated Spanish and Portuguese America. The push westward continued in the eighteenth century with the successful search
for gold and diamonds.
Question:
1. What was the role of economics in the establishment of cities?
Latin America in the Eighteenth Century
 Latin America
 A multiracial society
 Treatment of the Amerindians, forced labor
 Blacks, slaves
 Mercantilist theory
Commerce monopolized by private companies
Spain unable to supply needed goods to the colonies
 The Church
Convert Indians
Regular clergy and secular clergy
Wealthy in the colonies
Exploit the Amerindians
 Government
 Cabildo
 Council of the Indies
 Viceroy
 Audiencia
 Peninsulares
 Culture
 Church controls all education
 Literature
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
 Influence of the Enlightenment
North America, 1700-1803
1. The French had successfully expanded beyond their struggling colony of New France due to the efforts of the coureurs de bois (independent
traders) who explored west to present-day North Dakota and Colorado. Notable were the activities of fur trader Louis Jolliet and the Jesuit missionary
Jacques Marquette who traveled the Upper Mississippi and journeyed south to where the Mississippi joins the Arkansas River. Later, the Sieur de
La Salle would travel the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico (1682) thereby establishing the French claim to the Mississippi basin. This claim
was solidified in 1718 with the establishment of New Orleans.
2. Encroachments by other Europeans into lands considered to be Spanish forced Spain to show greater concern about the border region of Texas.
For the most part, Spain ignored Texas while it concentrated on New Mexico. However, when reports arrived in 1689 that the French had established
a colony on the Texas coast (directed by La Salle), Spain ordered expedition. The discovery of the abandoned site confirmed the Spanish
government's worst fears. British activity opposite Florida caused further anxiety. Clearly, Spanish lands were imperiled and they had to be
defended.
3. The peace of 1763 ending the Seven Years' War made Britain a clear winner in North America. From the French it gained all of France's
possessions east of the Mississippi River and from the Spanish it acquired Florida in return for recognizing Spain's acquisition of French claims
west of the Mississippi River.
4. Russia countered Spanish claims in the northwest when it pushed across Siberia into Alaska. Eventually the Russians reached as far south as
northern California in their quest for food and supplies to support their presence in Alaska.
5. The revolutionary victory of the Americans in 1783 brought them the lands east of the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains. The
American claim to this territory was enhanced by the victories of George Rogers Clark in the Ohio River Valley. By a separate treaty in 1783, Spain
received Florida from the British.
6. Under pressure from Napoleon, Spain ceded back to France in 1800 the vast Louisiana territory. With Napoleon needing cash to resume his war
in Europe, France sold Louisiana in 1803 to the Americans for $15 million. Explorations by Meriweather Lewis and William Clark in 1804-1805
established the American claim to the northwestern territory.
Questions:
1. How were the French able to make such vast claims on the North American continent?
2. Why did the Spanish begin to show more interest in Texas?
North America, 1700-1803
 British North America
 Economy and Society
Scarcity of valuable commodities
No religious restrictions on immigration
“Squatter’s rights”
Availability of land
Emerging middle class
Women
Trade
Few controls on the colony
Religious and ethnic diversity
 New Political Process
 Appointed governor worked with the colonial legislation
 Political participation required being an adult male with
ownership of land
 New England town meeting
 Enlightenment in North America
 Higher literacy in the colonies, especially New England
 Benjamin Franklin
 Thomas Jefferson
 Colonial Unrest and War
 Britain requires colonists to share costs of the Seven
Years’ War and become less autonomous
New taxes, quartering of soldiers, trade regulations
Prohibited settlement across the Appalachian
Mountains
 Continental Congress, 1774
 Clashes at Lexington and Concord, April 1775
 Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
 Colonists fight war of attrition
 Alliance of France with the American colonists
 Peace of Paris, 1783
 The United States
 Constitution of 1787 and Bill of Rights, 1791
 Growing economy
 Problems of defending internal territory and overseas
trade
 Growing sectionalism
 Contest for Empire
 Exploration of the Pacific Ocean
 Spanish, Russian, and British activity on the Pacific Coast
 Portuguese concentration on Brazil
 Dutch hold wide-ranging empire from Caribbean to Africa
to Asia
 French activity in North America, a threat to Spanish
possessions
 British-French rivalry in North America
 British military successes by 1763 give it Europe’s largest
empire
 French and British struggle for India
Global Trade Patterns of the European States in the Eighteenth Century
1. Among the important goods for the intra-European trade were wheat and timber from the Baltic, wines from France, wool and fruit from Spain, and
silk from Italy.
2. Spain endorsed the closed market goals of mercantilism but never achieved the economic self-sufficiency demanded of mercantilist theory. Thus,
the gold and silver from its colonial possessions had to be exchanged for Flemish, French, and English manufactured goods that the Spaniards
were unable to supply either at home or to the colonies. The British, Dutch, and French merchants used the profits to buy goods from China and
India to sell in Europe.
3. Britain's agricultural colonies produced sugar and tobacco that were in demand throughout Europe. The Navigation Acts of 1651 to 1660 decreed
that all exports from the colonies to England be carried in English ships and forbade direct export of certain products from colonies to continental
ports.
4. The French encouraged sugar production in its West Indian colonies such as St. Dominique (Haiti). From the North American continent the French
exported furs, fish, and tobacco to home markets but these never matched the profits from sugar or the trading posts in India.
5. The Dutch commercial empire grew in the seventeenth century. In the East Indies, they gained control of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Moluccas
(Spice Islands). These efforts ultimately drove the Portuguese from the area. The Dutch now held a monopoly in pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace1
and cloves. They also gained an exclusive right to trade in Japan in 1641 while maintaining outposts in China and India. Although the Dutch lost
New Amsterdam (New York) in 1667 to the English, they maintained Surinam in South America and the West Indian islands of Curacao and Tobago.
Nevertheless, the Anglo-French rivalry in the Far East eventually broke the monopoly of the Dutch spice trade in Asia. French and English
enterprises expanded into such areas as Madras, Bombay, and Pondicherry in India. The flow of cotton textiles, tea, and spices continued to
increase from these ports to Europe. When France failed in the mid-eighteenth century wars against Britain, it lost North America and most of India.
In 1759 the French East India Company was dissolved.
6. As the West Indian sugar industry became more lucrative, the demand for slaves to work the plantations increased. A British triangular trade
developed whereby manufactured goods from Bristol or Liverpool went to Africa to be traded for slaves which would be shipped to Virginia and
exchanged for tobacco that was sent to England and sold in European markets. Other states carried on a more direct trade.
Question:
1. What was the French, British, and Dutch rivalry for world trade?
Global Trade Patterns of the European States in the Eighteenth
Century
 Developing Global Economy
 Trade patterns
Spain imports gold and silver from America to
purchase manufactured goods from Britain, France,
and Netherlands
 Gold used by Britain, France, and Netherlands to
purchase goods from China and India
Plantation economy and trade
Slave trade
Increased economic and political power of the
merchants
Industrial Revolution
 Availability of raw materials, agricultural resources,
investment capital, and energy resources
 New industries