Transcript China Resists Outside Influence

China Resists Outside Influence
China and the West
• The Chinese looked down on all foreigners and
the Qing Emperor was not impressed with
Western technology.
• Since China was largely self-sufficient due to good
farming, they did not need products from the
West.
• The Chinese also had extensive mining and
manufacturing industries that provided jobs for
thousands of people.
• They produced beautiful silks and fine porcelain
that was desired by foreign societies.
Trade with China
• Foreigners could only trade at one port which
was monitored closely by the government.
• The balance of trade was in China’s favor,
meaning the Chinese exported (sold) more
goods than they imported (bought).
• The British especially wanted Chinese tea.
Tea-Opium Connection
• The British wanted Chinese tea, so they needed
to find a Western product that the Chinese
desired to trade for.
• There was ONE product that the Chinese would
buy from Europeans in large quantities – this
product was opium, a habit-forming narcotic.
• The British smuggled opium into China and by
1835 more than 12 million Chinese were
addicted to the drug.
Opium War
• The addiction to opium alarmed the Qing
emperor, who wrote the British Queen
requesting a stop to the opium trade.
• Britain refused to stop trading opium, which
led to the Opium War between Britain and
China.
Results of the Opium War
• Britain’s advanced navy crushed China’s
outdated ships.
• China was forced to sign a peace treaty,
the Treaty of Nanjing, which gave Britain
the island of Hong Kong.
• Another treaty gave foreign citizen
“extraterritorial rights”, meaning they
were not subject to Chinese law at the
ports where trading occurred.
• These “extraterritorial rights” led to
resentment towards foreigners and the
opium trade.
China’s Internal Problems
• China’s HUGE population was outgrowing the
food supply, and hunger was becoming
widespread.
• Opium addiction continued to rise.
• The Chinese people began to rebel against the
Qing Dynasty.
Taiping Rebellion
• Hong Xiugquan (Hong Shee-oo-choo-ahn)
recruited followers to build a “Heavenly Kingdom
of Great Peace.”
• All people would share China’s immense wealth
and no one would be poor.
• In this Taiping (means great peace) Rebellion,
Hong’s peasant army captured the city of
Nanjing.
• Hong made Nanjing his capital, but stepped back
to let other officials rule.
Taiping Rebellion
• The leaders of new Taiping government
quarreled with one another.
• British, French, and Qing troops launched
attacks and brought down the Taiping
government.
• About 20 million people died in the rebellion.
Foreign Influence Grows
• External pressure on China from foreign
powers was increasing.
• Some officials wanted reform (to be like the
West), while others clung to traditional ways.
China Struggles to Change
• Dowager Empress Cixi (tsoo-shee) was
committed to tradition, but was open to some
reforms.
• She wanted to self-strengthen China by
improving education, diplomatic service, and
military.
• Factories were created to manufacture steampowered gunboats, rifles, and ammunition.
• Many were not happy about these reforms.
Open Door Policy
• Foreign nations took advantage of China’s
vulnerability and set up spheres of
influence to increase their control over
China’s economy.
• The U.S. worried that other nations would
soon divide China into colonies and prevent
them from trading with the Chinese, so
they declared an Open Door Policy, which
opened China’s trade to all nations.
• The Open Door Policy protected the U.S.’s
trading rights with China, and China’s
freedom from colonization.
Chinese Nationalism
• Many Chinese pressed for stronger reforms.
• Emperor Guangxu (Gwahng-shoo) wanted to
modernize China, but Qing officials saw his
reforms as threats to their power.
• The Qing officials brought Dowager Empress
back to the throne and she reversed any of
Guangxu’s reforms.
The Boxer Rebellion
• Widespread frustration led to violence.
• Poor peasants and workers resented the special
privileges given to foreigners, as well as Chinese
Christians who adopted a foreign faith.
• A secret organization was formed, known as the
“Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists” or
“Boxers”
• Their campaign against the Dowager Empress and
foreign privileges was called the Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion
• The Boxers marched on Beijing shouting “Death to
the foreign devils!”
• A multinational force quelled the revolt within
months.
• A strong sense of nationalism grew out of the
rebellion.
• The Chinese people believed their country needed to
resist foreign intervention and that the government
must be more responsive to the people’s needs.
China’s Reform
• In 1905, Dowager Empress sent Chinese officials
around the world to study governments.
• They recommended that China restructure its
government like the constitutional monarchy of
Japan.
• A national assembly was convened and stated that by
1917, China would be a full constitutional
government.
• However, China still experienced unrest for several
more decades.
Japan Modernizes
Japan in the Early 17th Century
• Japan had shut itself off from other nations.
• Society was a rigidly structured feudal society,
in which shoguns gave land to lords, to be
worked by peasants and protected by
samurai.
Japan Ends it Isolation
• Japan kept rejecting foreign requests to trade.
• In 1853, U.S. Commodore Perry used ships with
cannons and rifles to threaten Japan if they did not
sign a treaty.
• Under the terms of the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan
opened two ports to the U.S.
• Once the U.S. had its foot in Japan’s door, other
Western powers soon followed.
• By 1860, Japan permitted foreigners to trade at
treaty ports and granted extraterritorial rights.
End of the Tokugawa Shogunate
• People were angry that the shogun had given in to
foreign demands.
• The people urged the young emperor to force the
shogun to step down
• Emperor Mutsuhito established a new government,
the Meiji era (means enlightened rule) which lasted
for 45 years.
Meiji Restoration
• Mutsuhito wanted Japan to adopt modern ways.
1) Feudal lords gave up private lands to the emperor.
2) Officials studied Western ways and adapted them
for Japan.
- Modeled after Germany’s strong central gov’t &
constitution
3) Further discipline in their army and navy
4) Adopted universal public education
5) Japan began industrializing (railroad line, factories
for tea & silk, ship and weapon production)
Growth of Japan’s Empire
• Japan sought to eliminate rights of foreigners
by assuring that foreigners would be treated
fairly in Japan; Western nations were
convinced to drop extraterritorial rights.
• Japan saw building an empire as a way to
protect its security and strengthen its
economy.
• National pride played a major role in their
desire to imperialize.
Growth of Japan’s Empire
• Both Japan and China had interests in Korea, and
signed a “hands-off” agreement to not send their
armies into the region.
• China broke the agreement in order to help put down
rebellion in Korea. Japan protested by sending their
troops into Korea to fight the Chinese.
• This led to the Sino-Japanese War, in which Japan
acquired Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands in its
victory.
Growth of Japan’s Empire
• Japan soon went to war with Russia over the lands in
Manchuria, which was under China’s rule.
• Japan agreed to recognize Russia’s rights in
Manchuria if Russians stayed out of Korea.
• Russia refused, to Japan launched surprise attack,
beginning the Russo-Japanese War.
• Japan achieved victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth
(1905) gave Japan the captured territories. Russians
were forced out of Manchuria and Korea.
Japan Occupied Korea
• Japan attacked Korea and made it a protectorate and slowly
took control away from the Korean king.
• Japan officially annexed Korea (brought Korea under their
control).
• Japanese were harsh rulers.
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No public protests
No Korean newspapers or schools
Must study language & history of Japan
Koreans “forbidden” to do business
• While Japan did modernize Korea, their harshness
led to nonviolent protests and Korean nationalism.