Transcript Unit # 5 - Greene Central School District

Unit # 5
An Age of Revolutions
The Scientific Revolution
- Copernicus, Newton, Galileo,
Descartes: new theories which
questioned & challenged traditional
thought
- Scientific Method: experimentation
and observation
Enlightenment
Relation to Scientific Revolution: use of
reason, observation in examining gov’t
and its relationship
Locke: Natural Rights – “life, liberty &
property”
Voltaire: basic freedom or thought &
expression – freedom of speech, press,
religion
Rousseau: social contract – agreement
between people and gov’t
Montesquieu: checks & balances (separation
of powers)
Impact of Enlightment on Nat’lism &
Democracy: promoted democratic reforms
within gov’t => people want to see changes
Enlightened Despots:
Maria Theresa (Austria): inc. the power of the
nobility, regulated peasant work
Catherine the Great (Russia): reformed laws,
promoted religious tolerance, abolished
torture & cap. punishment
Political Revolutions
American Revolution (1776-1783):
American colonists rebel against
British rule; est. democracy
French Revolution (1789-1799):
causes: poor leadership of Louis XVI,
unfair treatment of 3rd Estate, ideas of
the Enlightenment
impacts: chaos & disorder (back &
forth between democracy & abs. rule),
eventually establish a Republic
Napoleon: Rise to power – coup d’etat;
Rule - as a dictator -> restored order,
reformed economy (taxes), laws
(Napoleonic Code);
Descent - tried to create an empire
Reaction Against Revolutionary
Ideas
Balance of Power (Congress of Vienna):
restored Europe to what it was before
Napoleon
Revolutions of 1848: France, Germany,
Italy and Austria were caused by a
sense of nationalism
Russian
Absolutism
• Reforms and
expansion:
Alexander
created a
bureaucracy,
freed serfs,
inc.
education,
health and
welfare, right
to jury trials
Latin America
Role of classes:
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos/Mulattos
Africans
natives
Role of the church and military:
dictatorships brought nations
stability out of chaos
Role of Cash Crops: small farmers
were forced to focus too much on
cash crops = no industry and
reliant on foreigners for food
Mexican Revolution
Causes: oppressive gov’t; gap between
rich and poor
Effects: Mexican independence from
Spain
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Emilano Zapata
nationalist
independence
leaders
Global Nationalism
• Force of unification: Germany
– Bismarck: “real politik” – BLOOD AND
IRON – be proactive in change (used
the military to provoke war & unite
Germany)
• Force of unification: Italy
– Cavour: “brains of unification”
– Mazzini: “soul of unification”
– Garibaldi: “sword of unification”
Nationalism - force of division
• India – religious division
- Indian Nat’l Congress: Hindus
- Muslim League: Muslims
• Balkans prior to WWI – (“powder keg”)
ethnic and religious differences wanted
their own independence
Industrialization
• Agrarian Revolution: inc. in production
output (less workers needed) -> inc. in
population (creates a steadier source of
food)
• Industrial Revolution
– Factory system: centralized manufacturing
(away from cottage industry)
– Mercantilism to laissez faire eco: trade w/
colonies brings wealth w/ NO gov’t
involvement
– Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations):
importance of capitalism & lack of gov’t
regulation
“Invisible Hand Theory” – act in own selfinterest
– Changes in social classes (Middle Class):
mid class grew in size and strength
(power)
– Changing roles of men, women & children:
• Men: left manor to work in factories
• Women: faced work in factories or were house
wives
• Children: went to work in factories (wealthy
went to school)
Responses to Industrialization
• Socialism: economic equality
• Conservatism: return to the
past
• Social reformism: wanted
social, economic and political
changes
• Liberalism: wanted more
changes for the future
– Karl Marx – command economies:
central planning committees (gov’t)
decides what, how, for who to produce
– Sadler Report: illustrated ills of factory
work and child labor
– Reform Legislation: Factory, Miner &
Child Labor laws
– Social Darwinism: “survival of the
fittest” is used to explain & justify the
gap between the rich and poor
– Global Migration (1845-1850):
• Irish potato famine
–Growth of literacy: inc.
education and critical
thinking -> innovation &
questioning
–Thomas Malthus “Principles
of Population”: stated an inc.
in population has + and –
effects
Japan & the Meiji Restoration
• Meiji Restoration: *(MODERNIZATION)
westernization of Japan – est. industry
and imperialize the Far East
• Opening of Japan:
– Cmdr. Matthew Perry
– Treaty of Kanagawa
led to industry &
imperialism
Modernization and industrialization: led to a
need for raw materials
Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia
– becomes a world power
Imperialism
• Reasons
–Nationalism: amt of colonies
gave a sense of national pride
–Political: expands a nations
influence (inc. colonies)
–Economic: used for
resources & new markets
The New Imperialism
• Emphasized the creation of
colonies to build wealth
British in India:
British East India Co.: controlled
India
Sepoy Mutiny: rebellion of
Indian troops -> British controlBritish gov’t takes control of India
Berlin Conference
• African resistance: Zulu
Resistance: against the Britishillustrated Britain’s weapon
supremacy
• Boer War: British v. Dutch Boers:
British gain control over South
Africa
Spheres of Influence in China
• Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing: British
and the west take control of Chinese ports
• Chinese Reaction to European Imperialism
– Taiping Rebellion: Chinese rebel against
the failing gov’t
– Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nat’lists who
fought foreigners and foreign influence
– Sun YatSen: led revolt against the
traditional Chinese Dynasty – attempted
democracy
Effects of Imperialism
• Positive: modernized to an extent
(NO factories); built infrastructure
(roads, bridges, etc); built RRs;
developed telegraph and telephone
lines; built schools, hospitals
• Negative: took advantage of people
and their resources; violated
human rights; forced assimilation
(loss of traditions); social disorder;
racism