Transcript WHI SOL Review - Hanover County Public Schools, Virginia

WHI SOL Review
How did physical geography impact
the lives of early humans?
Living near water was important because it
helped in nourishment, hygiene, trade,
travel, agriculture, and provided jobs.
Climate determined what conditions the
early people faced. It also determined
where they could live and on what routes
they could travel.
Homo Sapiens
Also called cro-magnons, they were
similar to us, but had distinct physical
differences.
Such as, they had a much bigger skull
and used the hair on their bodies to keep
them warm.
How long ago were the first
humans on earth?
The first humans in east-central
Africa were here 100,000 to
400,000 years ago.
They were nomads. They traveled from place to place to follow
the animals and find ripening fruit. They would use stone,
bone, and wood to make their tools out of. The nomads
adapted to the weather. They would make jackets from the
animal skins and get under cliffs and in caves during the long
winters.
The first humans lived in East Africa. They then
migrated north and east in to Europe and Asia. They
lived in small hunting and food gathering bands
numbering about 20-30 people. The men hunted and
fished and the women picked fruits and berries. They
all contributed to each other.
•Old Stone Age
•They were Nomads ( People who follow their food )
•Used stone, wood, and bones for tools
•For clothes they wrapped in animal skins
•They took refuge in caves or under rocky overhangs
during the long winter
•Learned how to build fires for warmth and to cook
Middle Stone Age
First wooden boat
They learned to farm and by producing their own food, they
could remain in one place.
Farmers settled into permanent villages and developed a new
range of skills and tools.
People learned to domesticate animals.
They herded the animals to good grasslands or penned them in
rough enclosures.
Animals provided people with a source of protein.
They created the first calendars.
They learned to weave cloth from animal hair or vegetable fibers.
Paleolithic people– they traveled from place to place.
People depended wholly on their environment for survival.
They found ways to adapt there surroundings.
They made simple tools and weapons out of the materials at
hand-stone, bone, or wood.
To endure the cold, they invented clothing.
They took refuge in caves or under rocky overhangs during the
long winters.
They also learned to build fires for warmth and cooking.
•Shang kings were likely the heads of important clans.
•Group of families who claimed a common ancestor.
•Clans controlled most of land.
Portray animals such as deer, horses, and
buffaloes.
Some cave paintings show stick-figure people.
Paintings often lie deep in the caves, far from a
band’s living quarters.
A early religious beliefs.
Hundred of painted animals that appeared to
prance over the calcite-covered walls and ceilings.
Cave paintings have been part of animist religious
rituals.
How and when did agriculture develop?
• Agriculture developed as a way to have food in the winter months when animals
hibernated and were scarce.
• The first crops grown were most likely grains and seeds found from different
plants and trees.
• First traces of agriculture show up as early as the middle stone age
• Agriculture spread through diffusion rather than invention, as neighboring
bands would cage or steal seeds and plants to try and start farming that appeared
easier than hunting and moving around a lot.
• Nomads no longer had to move around to get food
• Once agriculture was developed the domesticated animals helped to pull
plows and wagons to trade with neighboring tribes
• Development of civilizations and cities
• Religious ceremonies (more intense), temples, and shrines.
• Development of laws and government over time.
• New civilizations
• Iron and bronze weapons
• Advances in Agriculture (plows, domestications of
animals.)
• Government development over time (laws, leaders)
• Temples and advanced religious ceremonies.
the study of past cultural behavior, from
the beginnings of the human species to
events that happened yesterday,
through the material remains, or
artifacts, that people leave behind
What is history?
• History is the knowledge of the past
gained through the study of written
records.
What is anthropology?
•Anthropology is the study of the origins and
development of people and their societies
Stonehenge
• A group of standing stones on Salisbury
Plain in southern England. Dating to c.
2000-1800 B.C., the megaliths are
enclosed by a circular ditch and
embankment that may date to c. 2800.
The arrangement of the stones suggests
that Stonehenge was used as a religious
center and as an astronomical
observatory.
19.What were the first four
major river valley civilizations?
• Indus River- Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa
• Huang He and Yangzi- China
• Tigris and EuphratesMesopotamia/Fertile Crescent
• Nile- Egypt
20.Why did the first permanent
civilizations develop around
major rivers?
• Good irrigation systems, easier
trade, water on demand, farming,
and stable food source.
21.When did these early
civilizations exist?
• 3200 B.C.- 256 B.C.
The Hebrews, The Phoenicians,
The Kush
• The Hebrews settled in Israel
• The Phoenicians occupied the string of
cities along the Eastern Mediterranean
coast, in the area which today is Lebanon
and Syria
• The Kush settled on the south of Africa
What was their government like?
• They had very strict law and rules
• Trade was a very resourceful, they relied
on it a lot
• They were all near water resources
Code of Hammurabi
• This, the earliest known written legal code, was
composed about 1780 B.C. by Hammurabi, the ruler of
Babylon. This text was excavated in 1901; it was carved
on an eight foot high stone monolith. The harsh system
of punishment expressed in this text prefigures the
concept of 'an eye for an eye'. The Code lays out the
basis of both criminal and civil law, and defines
procedures for commerce and trade. This text was
redacted for 1,500 years, and is considered the
predecessor of Jewish and Islamic legal systems alike
The 10 Commandments
The Ten Commandments
were given to Moses, the
great leader of the Hebrews,
over 3,000 years ago after the
Hebrews were delivered from
slavery in Egypt. While the
Law of Moses is made up of
over 600 rules, the Ten
Commandments were a brief
list of rules from which the
others were developed.
26.) What are the eight features of these
early civilizations?
1.) Cities
2.) Organized Central Governments
3.) Complex religions
4.) Job Specialization
5.) Social Classes
6.) Arts/ Architecture
7.) Public Works
8.) Writing
27.) What early religious traditions
developed in ancient civilizations?
They started out being polytheistic and later on
they became monotheistic.
They had a God for everything. Later some
societies religions evolved into having just one
God.
28.) What is monotheism?
Monotheism is the belief of one God.
Polytheism
• The belief in multiple gods is probably the result of an
earlier belief in vaguely defined spirits, demons and
other supernatural forces. These belief systems are
similar to animism, ancestor worship and totemism.
However, in polytheism, these supernatural forces are
personified and organized into a cosmic family. This
"family" becomes the nucleus of a particular culture's
belief system. The family of gods was used to explain
natural phenomena and to establish a culture's role in
the universe. Typically, the number of gods would
expand as the culture's belief system developed,
eventually resulting in a hierarchical system of deities.
Over time, the lesser gods would diminish in stature or
vanish altogether.
What are the beliefs of Judaism?
• Judaism is a monotheistic religion. The Jewish
People believe there is one God who created
and rules the world. This God is omnipotent (all
powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and
omnipresent (in all places at all times). God is
also just and merciful. Judaism believes the
Land of Israel was part of the covenant made
between God and the Jewish People at Mount
Sinai. Since the time of Abraham, there has
been a continual Jewish presence in the Land of
Israel.
Abraham
• Abraham was the first of the Hebrew patriarchs of the
Old Testament. To test Abraham's faith, God
commanded him to make a burnt offering of his son,
Isaac. Torn between great love for his son and his desire
to obey God's command, Abraham decided that his duty
to God ultimately took precedence. He bound Isaac, laid
him on the altar and drew his knife. At that moment an
angel appeared and grasped Abraham's hand saying,
"Now I know that you are a god-fearing man. You have
not withheld from me your son." Greatly relieved,
Abraham saw a ram caught in a thicket which he
sacrificed instead.
Moses
• Hebrew prophet
• Founder of Israel
• Moses killed an Egyptian who murdered a
Hebrew
• Moses renewed the covenant; binding
agreement
• Moses led the Israelites in their escape
from Egypt
Jerusalem
• Arabic capital & largest city of Israel
• A holy city for three of the world’s major
religions: Judaism, Christianity, & Islam
Exile/ Diaspora
• The scattering of people
• Jewish communities outside Israel
• Jews outside Israel considered
themselves in exile.
Jewish holy book. Similar to
Christian Bible.
It influenced Christianity and Islam, two other major world
religions
Jews spread across the world and taught their faith
Similarities between Christianity and Judaism
Monotheistic-belief in one God
Belief in the SAME God
Same history/same prophets/Ten Commandments
Drawings used to represent a word. The
earliest writings were made of these.
Egyptian form of picture writing. Used to
keep important records in ancient Egypt.
Cuneiform comes form Latin words Cuneus which
means “wedge” and Forma which means “shape.”
Pictograms, or drawings representing actual
things, were the basis for cuneiform writing.
Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, and then
baked hard in a kiln. Cuneiform was adapted by
the Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians and
Assyrians to write their own languages and was
used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years .
Cuneiform was created by the Sumerians.
The Phoenicians created the first alphabet.
Its yearly flooding provided the region
with silt, or rich soil, from which it could
grow crops. It also provided the Egyptians
with a way to trade and travel. The Nile
was also a key part of Egyptians religion.
It was seen to give and take away life
with its great floods.
What cultural contributions did the
Egyptians make?
• The Egyptians were polytheistic, They believed
in an after life so they would mummify the dead
and buried their dead with things they would
need in the after life. They built pyramids for the
pharaohs, so they would have everything they
needed in the afterlife. The Egyptians had a
system of writing called hieroglyphics. They
made a form of paper called papyrus. They used
medicine that we still use to day, they made a
calendar. They also had statues, paintings,
poems.
How did Persia govern its empire?
• They had a ruler who would make laws
collect taxes. They split their empire into
several different regions, each of which
had its own governor.
Cyrus the Great
• Conquered the largest empire, Persia was
stretched from Asia minor to India, Turkey
Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
Zoroastrianism
• A new religion that said there is one wise
god named ahora Mazda he ruled the
world. He was at constant battle with
Ahriman the prince of lies and evil.
Zoroaster taught that all individuals would
be judged for their actions. Those who
done good would enter paradise those
who done bad would be condemned to
eternal suffering.
What was the most important contribution
of the Babylonians?
• The Hanging Gardens which is known as one of the
wonders of the ancient world. The gardens were probably
made by planting trees and flowering plants on the steps
of a huge ziggurat. According to legend, Nebuchadnezzar
had the gardens built to please his wife, who was
homesick for the hills where she had grown up.
What physical geographic factors influenced
the development of Indian civilization?
• First of all, the Indian subcontinent is divided into three
major zones: the well-watered northern plain, the dry
triangular Deccan, and the coastal plains on either side of
the Deccan. Plus, this fertile region is watered by mighty
rivers like the Indus, which gives India’s its name, the
Ganges, and the Brahmaputra. These rivers and their
tributaries carry melting snow from the mountains to the
plains, making agriculture possible.
What impact did the Aryans have on India?
• Due to the acculturation, the people shared a common
culture rooted in both Aryan and Dravidian traditions. By
this time, the Indian people had developed a written
language called Sanskrit. Priests now began writing down
the sacred texts. The Aryans, despite the new written
language, they preserved a strong oral traditions. They
continued to memorize and recite ancient hymns, as well
as long epic poems.
Describe the Caste System
• The caste system or social group is into which people are
born and which they cannot change. Indians use the word
jati to describe their social system. The Portuguese, who
reached India in the late 1400’s used the word caste,
which other Europeans adopted.
How was the caste system central to the
Indian culture?
• The caste system was central to the Indian culture
because it provided stability and order to their lives.
• Also, every caste member had their own place in society
and believed that the law of karma determined their
caste.
• People in the caste system depended on and helped one
another, if they were in the same level of society.
• People with diverse customs lived side by side in
harmony.
What were the contributions of the
Gupta Empire?
• The Gupta rule was a period of great cultural achievements.
• The system of Arabic numerals was developed and put into
practice.
• Exports of cotton cloth, pottery, and metalware were
abundant.
• Doctors and surgeons performed simple surgeries, set broken
bones, began using herbs and other remedies to treat
illnesses, and administered vaccinations for smallpox.
What were the characteristics
of the Hindu religion?
• Hindus believed in more than one God.
• The ultimate goal of existence for Hindus was to
achieve moksha (a union with Brahman, a spiritual
force).
• Hindus believed in reincarnation.
• Hindus believed that everything in existence had a
rank or a status in life.
• A primary moral principle of Hinduism was ahimsa, or
nonviolence. They believed that all people and things
should be respected.
Reincarnation
• The Egyptians thought the soul
transmigrated from body to body and this
was a reason why they embalmed the
body in order to preserve it so that it could
journey along with ka, an animating force
that was believed to be counterpart of the
body, which would accompany it in the
next world or life. Ka might be considered
equivalent to the term of soul.
Reincarnation…
continued
• The belief is thought to have been an necessity
among primitive peoples. Certainly long before
ancient Egypt peoples believed in transmigration
of the soul. If they were not sophisticated
enough to understand the concept of a soul,
then they may have simply called it life. An
individual or object which moved had life, and
the one which did not, did not have life. This is
analogous to the belief of animism.
Reincarnation….continued #2
• Gradually the concept of a soul developed
with a further realization that the soul
departed the body at death and entered the
body at birth. Soon it was thought the soul
leaving a dead body would seek another
body to enter, or enter an animal of a lower
life form. It was also thought the soul left the
body during sleep. This soul was pictured as
vapors that entered and left through the
nostrils and mouth.
Karma
• In Buddhist teaching, the law of karma, says
only this for every event that occurs, there will
follow another event whose existence was
caused by the first, and this second event will be
pleasant or unpleasant according as its cause
was skillful or unskillful.' A skillful event is one
that is not accompanied by craving, resistance
or delusions; an unskillful event is one that is
accompanied by any one of those things.
(Events are not skillful in themselves, but are so
called only in virtue of the mental events that
occur with them.)
Karma
• Therefore, the law of Karma teaches that responsibility
for unskillful actions is born by the person who commits
them.
• Let's take an example of a sequence of events. An
unpleasant sensation occurs. A thought arises that the
source of the unpleasantness was a person. (This
thought is a delusion; any decisions based upon it will
therefore be unskillful.) A thought arises that some past
sensations of unpleasantness issued from this same
person. (This thought is a further delusion.) This is
followed by a willful decision to speak words that will
produce an unpleasant sensation in that which is
perceived as a person.
Karma
• Have you ever heard someone say it's there karma,
or they have bad computer karma? They are
referring to the sum of there actions in the past
working out in the present. Karma can be
accumulated and takes time to bear fruit. When you
plant a seed it usually takes some time for it to grow
into a fruit-bearing tree. Another aspect is that the
tree bears many fruit. So there is a delay in time and
a multiplication in result.
Karma also works on multiple levels. Your emotions
and thoughts also cause effects on a emotional and
mental level. When looking at a situation karmaically
this should also be taken into account.
Vedas and Upanishads
• The word Veda means knowledge, and the
Vedas are considered the most sacred scripture
of Hinduism referred to as sruti, meaning what
was heard by or revealed to the rishis or seers.
The most holy hymns and mantras put together
into four collections called the Rig, Sama, Yajur,
and Atharva Vedas are difficult to date, because
they were passed on orally for about a thousand
years before they were written down. More
recent categories of Vedas include the
Brahmanas or manuals for ritual and prayer, the
Aranyakas or forest texts for religious hermits,
and the Upanishads or mystical discourses.
Vedas and Upanishads
• The hymns of the Rig Veda are considered the oldest
and most important of the Vedas, having been
composed between 1500 BC and the time of the great
Bharata war about 900 BC. More than a thousand
hymns are organized into ten mandalas or circles of
which the second through the seventh are the oldest and
the tenth is the most recent. The Hindu tradition is that
even the Vedas were gradually reduced from much more
extensive and ancient divine revelations but were
perverted in the recent dark age of Kaliyuga. As the only
writings from this ancient period of India, they are
considered the best source of knowledge we have; but
the ethical doctrines seem to have improved from the
ancient hymns to the mystical Upanishads.
Vedas and Upanishads
• The Sama Veda contains the melodies or music
for the chants used from the Rig Veda for the
sacrifices; almost all of its written verses are
traceable to the Rig Veda, mostly the eighth and
ninth books and most to Indra, Agni, or Soma.
These are considered the origin of Indian music
and probably stimulated great artistry to make
the sacrifices worthwhile to their patrons who
supported the priests. The Sama Veda helped to
train the musicians and functioned as a hymnal
for the religious rites.
Vedas and Upanishads
• Though also following many of the hymns of the
Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda deviates more from
the original text in its collection of the ritual
formulas for the priests to use in the sacrifices,
which is what yaja means. It explains how to
construct the altars for new and full-moon
sacrifices and other ceremonies. The Yajur Veda
has two collections or samhitas called White and
Black, the latter being more obscure in its
meanings.
Vedas and Upanishads
• The latest and fourth Veda is in a different
category. For a long time many referred to only
three Vedas, by which complete ceremonies
could be conducted with the Rig hotr reciting, the
Sama udgatri singing, and the Yajur adhvaryu
performing the ritual. Even later the Atharvan
Brahmin's part was often performed
unaccompanied by the other three priests. Also
much of it draws from the customs and beliefs of
pre-Aryan or pre-Vedic India. The Atharva Veda
is much longer than the Sama and Yajur and
only about a sixth of it is from the Rig Veda.
How did Hinduism influence Indian Society?
 Hinduism has had a long and
continuous evolution and in the
process has influenced all other
major world religions.
Indian or Hindu civilization has
been molded and shaped in the
course of its history more by
religious than by political, or
economic, influences.
The fundamental principles of
social, political, and economic life
were welded into a comprehensive
theory which is called Religion in
Hindu thought.
What are the Characteristics of Buddhism?
 The first characteristic of
Buddhism is Karma.
Karma- action or deed, any moral
or immoral violation.
This is the most important
doctrine and the most difficult.
It is also the one to be easily
misunderstood.
 The second characteristic of
Buddhism is conditioned Genesis.
Condition Genesis- unchangeable
truth of life and the universe.
Conditioned Genesis is based on
the Law of Cause and Effect.
 The third Characteristic of
Buddhism is Sunyata.
Sunyata- emptiness.
Sunyata is used by Mahayanist to
explain the existence of this world and
universe.
 The fourth Characteristic of
Buddhism is the Three Dharma Seals.
Three Dharma Seals- three
characteristics of existence.
Siddhartha Guatemala
 Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Guatemala.
 He lived in Northern India from 560 B.C to 480 B.C.
 After his death a cult formed and they focused on stupas and
holy sites.
 After he died 500 monks were held at the Rajagrha and all the
Buddha sermons and the rules of the decibel we remembered and
recited.
 In century 2 A.D. they made a school called the Madhyamikc
School.
Four Noble Truths
• The Four Noble Truths:
• The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha)
• The Truth of the Cause of Suffering
(Samudaya)
• The Truth of the End of Suffering (Nirodha)
• The Truth of the Path Leading to the End
of Suffering (Marga)
Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
• Though the Eightfold Path is the supreme
method of achieving enlightenment and to
becoming a better person, it is very difficult
for a normal person to be able to practice
without this necessary aspect of
Buddhism.
• It is organized into three categories:
wisdom, virtue, and concentration
What was Asoka’s role in
spreading Buddhism?
• Asoka was the grandson of Chandragupta
who was the founder of the Mauryan
dynasty
• Asoka adopted the peaceful aspects of
Buddhism and declared that there forth his
conquests should be conquests of religion.
• From then on Asoka spread the word of
the Buddhist religion throughout the
empire and into China.
Why was the Great Wall of
China built?
•During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, separate walls were
built between Chinese regions which were fighting with each
other.
• The walls were also built to protect China from outside
invaders.
• Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty thought of the idea of
the Great Wall and ordered his workers to connect the old walls
with new ones to protect them from invasions (mainly the
Mongols)
Silk Roads
•The Silk Road was the most
important trade route before
the discovery of the sea route
to India. It stretched along the
edges of deserts and
mountains from China to
Rome, connecting China to
the west.
• There was a network of market
towns along the road and
since silk was in such high
demand, many other trade
routes connected and/or
branched off of the Silk Road.
• The Silk Road wasn’t the
safest place (mountains,
robbers, desserts) but it
allowed new ideas to spread
from place to place such as
paper and glass making
Mandate of heaven
• The concept that the king’s rule was based on the
blessing of heaven and that if a king rules unwisely,
heaven would not like it and give the mandate to
someone else.
• This concept was first used on the Zhou dynasty in
China.
Contributions of China to Civilization
• The Chinese
developed a smallpox
vaccine, invented the
spinning wheel, and
pioneered in the use
of arches in bridge
building.
What is Confucianism?
• Confucians believe that in
society there are five key
relationships: Father to son,
elder brother to young
brother, husband to wife,
ruler to subject, and friend to
friend. They also believed
that had certain duties and
responsibilities they had to
stay with, like how superiors
should care for their inferiors
while inferiors show loyalty
to their superiors.
What is Confucianism?
• Confucianism spread
because his ideas
and philosophies
were used in
everyday life Chinese
rulers relied on it to
pick Confucian
scholars as officials
and the Confucian
emphasis in filial piety
bolstered traditional
customs
•
What
is
Daoism
Daoism was not
concerned with
bringing order to
human affairs.Instead
Daoists sought to live
in harmony with
nature.Daoists rejected
conflict and strife.They
wanted to end the
conflict between
human desires and the
simple ways of
nature.Daoists thought
the best government
was the one who
governed the least.
Yin/Yang
• Gained control of a corner of northern China,
along the Huang He.
• During this period, Chinese civilization first took
shape.
• Kings led other noble warriors in battle.
• Social classes were royal families, noble
warriors, artisans and merchants, then peasants
• Yin and Yang were opposite forces that worked
to balance each other.
Impact of Confucianism and Taoism
on Chinese Society
• Confucianism and Taoism changed the
whole view of Chinese society.
• It influenced people to become more
educated.
• More than a third of the world’s population
came under the influence of these ideas.
• Chinese civilizations spread, hundreds of
millions of people in Korea, Japan, and
Vietnam accepted these beliefs.
Mountains and Seas helped Greek
political and social development
• Mountains divided Greece into parts which
made up the Greek city-states.
• The seas provided great harbors for ships.
Which was for trade. Greeks became skilled
sailors, carrying cargoes of olive oil, wine, and
marble around the eastern Mediterranean.
• Mountains and seas led to the expansion of
Greece.
• Trade help build a better economy
GREEK CITY-STATES
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First people to settle in Greece was the Minoans in 1750B.C.
The Mycenae took over Greece in about 1400B.C.
Settled on the Balkan peninsula
The Greeks who farmed the valleys or settled on inlands did not create a
very large empire
Were not very united because of the many mountains any seas that they
had to cross to get to each other
The two major city states were Athens and Sparta
The city states steadily disappeared at the end of the Peloponnesian war
Their economies were formed around ship building, trade, and the growth of
a few agricultural products that could be grown on their land (olives, grapes)
FEATURES OF GREEK CITY STATES
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Were very successful sailors
Thrived through sea trade with each other
Was also successful fishermen
Had many deposits of silver, gold, iron, and marble
Raided olive oil, wine, marble, gold and other materials that was in there
cities
Architects made many magnificent buildings
Mainly the Parthenon
ATHENS
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Athens moved from monarchy to aristocracy to democracy to a tyrant
Males were the only ones able to participate in government
There were tens of thousands of slaves throughout Athens yet Athens
offered the most freedom in the Greek city states
Boys were the only ones who could go to school and that was only if there
family could afford it
Men received military training
‘ten golden years’ were the years after the Persian wars when Athens made
many of their lasting cultural contributions.
The end of Athens, in terms of real power, was a century or so after the
Peloponnesian war
• Spartans were Dorians who had conquered Laconia
• They lived in the Peloponnesus, the southern part of Greece
• They had helots, which were people who were state-owned slaves – they
made them work the land
• Spartans felt a need for a strong military state because they feared
a possible revolt from the helots who greatly outnumbered the
Spartans.
• Government included two kings and a council of elders who advised these
monarchs. They also had an assembly of all citizens who approved major
decisions.
• Spartan assembly of citizens – male, native born Spartans, and over the
age of 30.
• Assembly also elected five ephors – officials who held real power and ran
day-to-day affairs.
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Continually prepared for military state
• future mothers were required to be healthy
to have a healthy child.
• newborns were examined at birth, the
sickly were left to die.
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At the age of 7, boys began their training.
• they moved into barracks where they were
allowed a course diet, hard exercise and
rigid discipline.
• Girls also had a hard upbringing
• They were expected to produce healthy sons for
the army so they were required to exercise to
strengthen their bodies.
• Women had to obey fathers or husbands and
were treated fully with their rights, like that they
were able to inherit property.
• Women ran the family estates while the men
were occupied with war.
• They were given only one piece of clothing
to wear year round and they were made to
sleep outside on the hard ground.
• they developed cunning to supplement
their diets because they were encouraged to
steal food – if they were caught, they were
beaten
• At the age of 20, men could marry but still had
to live in the barracks for 10 more years and eat
there for another 40 years.
• At the age of 30, men would endure more
training and then enter the assembly.
• Sparta isolated itself from other Greeks.
• They did not like trade or wealth .
• They forbade citizens to travel
• They had little use for new ideas or the
arts.
• There were no other city-states that put
to use military skills as much as Sparta did.
• Before 750 B.C., the
Greeks were already
living near many seas
and had become skilled
sailors by carrying cargo
across the eastern
Mediterranean.
• By 750 B.C., rapid
population growth forced
many Greeks to leave their
valleys and head overseas.
Scattered colonies started
to take root around the
Mediterranean from Spain
to Egypt.
- Stories of gods and goddesses helped to explain
the values and way of life of the Greek people.
- Each of their gods was said to preside over a
certain field of nature or human affairs.
- For example, their god Zeus presided over
the affairs of all gods and humans.
- Aphrodite controlled the love affairs of
humans, Ares was the god of war, and Athena was the
goddess of wisdom.
- Later, some Greeks thinkers came to believe that
the universe was regulated and not controlled by
these gods. They believed that the universe has
natural laws.
• Alexander the Great founded many new cities in which Greek soldiers,
traders, and artisans settled.
• They built Greek temples and filled them with Greek statues that portrayed
their gods and goddesses. Local people then started coming to the cities and
absorbed all these Greek ideas.
•The Romans shared the Italian peninsula with other people such as the
Greeks and Etruscans (who actually controlled them). The Romans adopted
the idea of having gods and goddesses.
- Like the Greek god Zeus, the Romans had Jupiter. The Roman
goddess Juno was like the Greek goddess Hera. The Roman god Neptune
resembled the Greek god Poseidon and instead of the Greek god Ares, the
Romans worshipped Mars.
Zeus
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Zeus was the youngest son of Cronus and Rheia.
He was the supreme ruler of mount Olympus.
Zeus (like his father before him) deposed his aged father from the throne of eternity.
As Kronos was about to slay his father, Uranus, he was warned that his own son would someday
depose him.
Kronos swallowed the first of his children, but Rheia was smart and tricked Kronos substituted a
stone for the infant and Kronos swallowed it down.
Zeus was hidden and raised in secret until he was old enough to fulfill his destiny.
One day he ambushed Kronos while out hunting. Zeus kicked Kronos in the stomach so hard the
aged god vomited up the stone and the five divine, undigested gods and goddesses.
In gratitude, and bowing to destiny, Zeus was unanimously declared leader of the immortals.
Zeus made his domain the mountain tops and clouds, where he could survey and vitalize all
creation.
Zeus married his sister Hera.
She was jealous and vengeful of her husbands affections
Apollo
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Apollo was the sun of Zeus and Leto.
Apollo was the god of music, arts, archery, and divination.
He represents order, harmony, and civilization in a way that most other Olympian deities cannot
quite equal.
Apollo is most often associated with the cultivated arts of music and medicine.
His role as the leader of the Muses establishes him as a patron of intellectual pursuits.
Apollo was the son of the Olympian Zeus.
The brother of the goddess Artemis.
Daphne was Apollo's first love.
Apollo, as with Zeus his father, had many love affairs with goddesses and mortals.
The most famous mortal loves of Apollo was Hecuba, she was the wife of Priam, the king of Troy.
Asclepius, the god of healing, was also Apollo's offspring
Apollo also, as did his father Zeus, fall in love with one of his own gender, Hyacinthus, a Spartan
prince.
According to one legend, it was Apollo who helped either Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the
city of Troy.
Hera
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The queen of the Olympian deities
She is a daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and wife and sister of Zeus.
Hera was mainly worshipped as a goddess of marriage and birth.
The children of Hera and Zeus are Hephaestus, Hebe, Ares.
Thus they were born, not out of love but out of lust and hatred.
Hera was constantly being jealous of Zeus's various amorous affairs.
She punished her rivals and their children, among both goddesses and mortals, with implacable
fury. She placed two serpents in the cradle of Heracles
Sometimes when he got angry, he chained her to the mountain of Olympus by fastening anvils to
her feet.
He either hid his illegitimate children, or he changed them into animals. This was to keep Hera
from hurting them.
Peloponnesus, where she was worshipped as the town goddess.
The peacock and the cow are her sacred animals.
Hera is portrayed as a majestic, solemn woman.
Her Roman counterpart is Juno.
Artemis
• In earlier times Artemis
was identified as the earth
goddess, now she is
normally referred to as the
goddess of wild life and
the patroness of hunters
• Of all the animals her
most sacred was the bear.
• She is symbolized by a
bow and a deer, even
though her favorite animal
was the bear.
Athena
• Athena was the
goddess of crafts,
domestic arts, and
those of war. Now she
is regarded as the
goddess of wisdom.
• She was the patron
goddess of Athens,
Greece.
• Her symbol is the owl.
Aphrodite
• Aphrodite is the
goddess of love,
beauty, and fertility.
• She is also known as
the protector of
sailors.
• This beautiful goddess
is often associated
with a dove or a
goose.
How did democracy develop in
Athens?
• The principle of democracy all started in
Athens when Aristotle’s Constitution of the
Athenians was written. From the base of
this constitution we wrote our constitution,
with the principles of Aristotle’s
constitution. Pericles was the main person
who instituted democracy in Athens.
Direct Democracy
• Direct democracy is about “originating”
ideas as much as it is about “approving”
them. In parliamentary democracy, people
are never asked for their own ideas - they
are only asked to “approve” or
“disapprove” of ideas already prepared for
them. In a direct democracy everyone
participates.
Pericles
• Pericles was born in Athens in about 495
BC to a family of wealth and position
• He opened Athenian democracy to the
ordinary citizen, he built the magnificent
temples and statues on the Acropolis, and
he created the Athenian empire.
Oligarchy
Early form of government where
the civilization is ruled by the
small elite, usually from the
business class of merchants and
artisans.
How were the societies of Athens and Sparta
different?
Athens is known for being the major city of
education and democracy in Greece while
Sparta was more military based. The boys were
taken at a young age to start training. The
citizens feared revolts from their state owned
slaves called helots. Spartan women held more
rights than Athens women, Spartan women had
the right to own land and had to be physically fit.
Athens was known for its excellent navy and
trade was a major part of their economy while
Sparta was known for its excellent military or on
land combat.
Solon
• Athenian ruler who also helped in the
development of democracy.
• He extended citizenship rights to more
people, outlawed debt slavery, gave
people more power and brought
economic reforms
Draco
• Athenian ruler who helped in the
development of democracy
• He was responsible for codifying the laws
of Greece for the first time they were
called draconian laws.
What were the three stages of government before
democracy spread in Athens?
• Monarchy- a government where a king or a
queen has essential power.
• Aristocracy- a government where elite
landowners ruled.
• Oligarchy- a government where a small
group usually in the business class holds the
most power.
What was the importance of the Persian Wars
to the development of Greek culture?
Victory in the Persian Wars brought Athens to be
one of the most powerful city-states. They
eventually formed the Delian League. Which
brought all of the Greek city-states to an alliance in
defense. Athens dominated the league and other
Greek city-states did not like Athens having all of the
power. When the other city-states protested, Athens
came back with force. Eventually Sparta and Persia
took over Athens and the other city-states and that
lead to the downfall of Greece. So Greek culture
developed through the Persian Wars by coming
together and joining as one to form the Delian
League and later down falling.
At Marathon, Darius I sent an astounding force from
Aegean to punish Athens. The Persians landed at
Marathon in 490 B.C. Even though the Persians out
numbered the Athenians greatly, Athens ended up crushing
Persia in hand to hand combat. Also after the battle of
Marathon a man ran from the battle scene the equivalence
of a Marathon to Athens. Once he got there to share the
news he collapsed.
The Battle of Salamis
• Part of the Persian wars ( Persians vs. Athenians )
• Athenians pulled Persian navy into the Salamis
straight, one year later the Persian boats sank; on
land the Greeks defeated the Persians
• The last major battle of the Persian wars
What effect did the Peloponnesian
wars
have on Greek power and influence?
• Athens was not totally destroyed, but it was severely
weakened
• Sparta was even too weak to hold off attacks from outsiders
• This begins the decline of Greece
Parthenon
• Ancient Greek temple dedicated to the
Greek goddess *Athena* Parthenos
• Doric Columns
• Built under the leadership of Pericles
432 BC)
• Stands on the Acropolis, high above
Athens, Greece
(447-
Aeschylus
•Creator of Greek theatre/drama
•Wrote many playwrights
•He fought in the at Athens in the “Marathon” to defeat Persia.
•His earliest work was “The Persians”
•He added two characters, whereas, before there had only been one, and
he could show intrigue and conflict.
•He was born of a noble family
•He wrote tragedies.
Courtesy of Meredith <3
Sophocles
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He made his first appearance at the City Dionysia in 486
B.C. when he was at the mere age of 28.
Born in Athens 495 B.C.
He was the son of a wealthy merchant.
He wrote over 120 plays
He won 18 times at the City of Dionysus
He preformed in many of his own plays
Despite his great playwrights, he did do other things, he
served for many years as an ordained priest.
He added the third actor
He wrote Antigone, a great work which is still used today
He died at 91.
Courtesy of Meredith <3
Homer
• He was born on an island in Asia Minor
• He was a Greek poet
• He wrote the Iliad, which was the story of the
siege of Troy.
• He wrote the Odyssey—The romantic tale of
Odysseus struggling to get home from the
war.
• He is believed to be born around 850 B.C.
• He went from village to village telling his
stories orally.
Courtesy of Meredith <3
Herodotus
• Often called the father of history
• Herodotus was the Greek historian who
chronicled the Persian wars, which
involved the Greek city-states Vs. Persia.
• Wrote the History, provides accurate
details about other civilizations of the time.
Thucyidides
• Born in 460 B.C and died in 400 B.C
• The Greek historian who chronicled the
Peloponnesian wars in which he himself
fought in.
• His book,The History of The
Peloponnesian War, provides accurate
views on battles, historical names, and
more.
Phidias
• Born in 500, died in 432.
• Lived during the “classic” age of Greece
under Pericles.
• A famous Athenian sculptor who made the
statue of Athena in the Parthenon in
Athens.
• Also made the huge statue of Zeus in the
Temple of Zeus in Olympia.
Doric Columns
• The simplest form of
the columns.
• NO scrolls, and NO
flowers or any
decoration
• Shorter and wider than
other columns with flat
tops
• Buildings include the
Parthenon.
Ionian Columns
• The second most
decorative of the
columns.
• Ionic columns are taller,
and more slender than
Doric columns.
• They are characterized
by having scrolls at the
tops of them.
Corinthian Columns
• The most
decorated of the
columns.
• Contains
decorated
scrolls at the top
along with
flowers.
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He was a Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor.
He made inventions that applied to the principles of physics.
He used the lever and pulley.
He is famous for his work in geometry on the circle, sphere,
cylinder, and parabola.
He is also well known for his work in physics, mechanics, and
hydrostatistics.
He developed Archimedes’ principle and Archimedes’ screw.
He worked on creating a mathematical expression to express
extremely large numbers.
He also worked on calculating the value of π.
• Lived around 400 B.C.
• He was a Greek physician who studied illnesses and looked for
cures.
• He created the Hypocratic oath which set the ethical standards
for doctors and is still in use today.
• Doctors promise to “ help the sick according to my ability and
judgment but never with a view to injury and wrong” and to
protect the patient’s privacy.
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Hellenistic mathematician that wrote The Elements, a book that
became the basis for modern geometry.
• Hellenistic mathematician that devised the Pythagorean Theorem
(a²+b²=c²).
• This formula is used to calculate the relationship between the sides
of a right triangle.
Socrates
• 469-399 B.C.
• Wrote nothing
• Most of what we know about him comes
from Plato
• Plato was his student
• Thought knowledge was a living,
interactive thing
• Philosophy was to question people
Socrates
• Elenchus-method of questioning (crossexamination)
• Dialect-idea that truth needs to be pursued
by examining a person’s position through
questioning
• Unconcerned with physical or
metaphysical questioning (Sophist)
Plato
• Socrates most famous student
• Founded his own school “The Academy” in
385 (most famous school at the time)
• Most famous pupil was Aristotle
• Wrote dialogues between Socrates
• Examined basic ethical issues
• Formed his own philosophy (more
teaching)
Plato
• “The Republic” is his most famous
dialogue
• Deals with how to live a good life, justice in
the Senate, and justice for an individual
• Divides human beings into innate
intelligence, strength, and courage
• Believed in aristocracy (rule by the best)
• Different societies (Producers, Auxiliaries,
Guardians)
Aristotle
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Teacher was Plato
Taught Alexander the Great
Opened his own school the “Lyceum”
Studied there for twelve years
Disagreed on everything with Plato
Wrote about poetics, rhetoric, ethics,
politics, meteorology, embryology, physics,
mathematics, analogy, etc
Aristotle
• Evidence-examined what people said,
wrote, or did to solve a problem
• Studied over five hundred species of
plants and animals
• Read one hundred and fifty eight
constitutions of different governments
• Inductive reasoning-to observe as many
possible examples of a specific subject
Aristotle
• Categorized knowledge by their objects
and relative certainty
• Knowledge is characterized by precise
explanations or probability
• Thought that everything was always
moving and changing
What Effect Did Major Greek Thinkers Have on
Western Philosophy?
• Major Greek thinkers used methods to find truth,
accepting nothing less than that, and also had opinions
about society, making Western philosophy similar.
• Romans thought highly of the Hellenistic philosophy.
Hellenistic Culture
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During the Hellenistic age many cultures blended together, which led to new
schools of thought, advances in learning and medicine.
Schools of thought-Zeno founded Stoicism which urged people to avoid
desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought.
Stoicism later influenced many Roman and Christian thinkers.
Advances in learning- Pythagoras developed a formula to calculate the
relation ship between sides of right triangles, Euclid wrote the elements
which became the basis for modern geometry, Aristarchus argued that the
earth rotated on an axis and orbited the sun which was a theory of
heliocentric. Archimedes applied principles with physics and developed the
pully.
Medicine- Hippocrates developed cures for illnesses and his oath set
ethical standards for doctors to come.
During the Hellenistic period Rome emerged as a powerful new state after
its conquest of Asia minor and replaced Greece and the Dominant power in
the Mediterranean world
King Phillip II of Macedonia
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Philip II of Macedonia ruled from 359-336 B.C.E. Without the military and
political efforts of Philip, Alexander would never have been as successful as
he was.
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Philip came to power in 359 B.C.E. after the Macedonians had just suffered
a defeat at the hands of the Illyrians. Macedonia was in political and military
turmoil, and Philip immediately set about bringing the people of Macedonia
under his control. After exacting revenge on the Illyrians by defeating them
in 358 B.C.E., Philip sought to bring all of Upper Macedonia under his
control and make them loyal to him. His primary method of creating
alliances and strengthening loyalties was through marriage. The most
important marriage for Philip was to Olympias, from the royal house of
Molossia. By 357 B.C.E., they were married, and she gave birth to
Alexander the next year.
Alexander the Great
 Alexander was 20 years old when he
became king.
Alexander’s empire extended from
Greece to Egypt and Macedonia to
Persia.
His greatest achievement was the
spread of Greek and Hellenistic culture
and he did that by conquering other
countries.
The Growth of the Roman
Empire
 Rome is located in the middle of the
Mediterranean, on the Italian
Peninsula.
 Because of it’s location, Rome was
connected to all the major trade routes
around the Mediterranean
 Being in the middle of the
Mediterranean, Rome’s strategic
location contributed to its rise in
wealth and power.
What was Roman mythology
based on?
Greek Zeus= Roman Jupiter
Greek Hera= Roman Juno
Greek Poseidon= Roman Neptune
Greek Ares= Roman Mars
What impact did Roman mythology
have on later civilizations?
• Roman mythology played a huge role in developing
culture and traditions in later civilizations. The art and
literature based on this mythology later influenced
writers and artists who created many paintings and
sculptures to represent important mythological figures.
• A good example is the Byzantine empire that occurred
shortly after the fall of the Rome. The Byzantine
empire was extremely influenced by the traditions of
ancient Roman mythology. It has inspired many to
write poems, plays, and even operas.
• Without the heavy influence of Roman mythology, the
world would be a very different place.
Jupiter
“God of Light and Sky”
• The supreme god in Roman mythology equivalent to the Greek god Zeus
• Was originally the God of storms, thunder,
and lightning
• Gradually became the highest God and the
protector of the Roman people
• The protector of the state and its laws
• Had a temple on the capitol
• Generals honored Jupiter with sacrifices
Juno
“Queen of Olympia”
• The wife and sister of the God Jupiter equivalent to the Greek God Hera
• The protector of women especially marriage and
childbirth
• A special counselor and protector of the Roman
state
• Special festival called Matronalia was held on
March 1st and dedicated to her
• Month of June may have been named after her
Apollo
“God of agriculture and of light and truth”
• The son of Zeus and Leto
• The God of agriculture and cattle and of light and
truth
• The powers and functions of the sun God Helios
were given to him
• An excellent musician, especially on the lyre
• A swift athlete, said to be the first winner of the
Olympic games
• His twin sister Artemis was the protector of young
women, while he was the protector of young men
122. Diana - Roman goddess of hunting and
childbirth.
123. Minerva - Roman goddess of wisdom, learning,
war, and crafts.
124. Venus - Roman goddess of love and beauty.
125. Patricians - members of the land-holding
upper class of Rome.
Plebeians
The farmers, merchants, artisans, and
traders who made up the bulk of the
population.
• they had little influence
•The efforts of the plebeians to gain power
shaped politics in the early republic
•The plebeians protested that citizens
couldn’t know the laws, because they were
not written down.
How did one become a citizen
of Rome?
• Must live in Rome
• Must be a member of the upper or middle
class
• Or emperor could grant you citizenship
How did the Roman republic
become more democratic in its
decision making?
• It granted citizenship rights to more
people.
• The Senate granted more power to
bodies that represented the common
people.
129-131
• 129:Roman Senate- In the early republic the most powerful part of
the government was the senate. All of the members were patricianspeople of the landholding upper class. Each year two consuls were
elected by the senate. In the event of war the senate would elect a
dictator to take complete control of the government.
• 130:Consuls- Once a year the senate elected two consuls. The
consuls job was to supervise the business of the government and
command the armies. Consuls could only serve one term. The
consuls had to consult with the senate, thus giving the Roman gov’t
a system of checks on power in the gov’t.
• 131:Twelve Tables of Rome- The plebians protested to the Roman
gov’t that they could not know the laws because they were not
written down. The gov’t then put the laws on 12 tablets and put in
the marketplace.
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 Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars
allowed Rome to extend there land in the
Mediterranean by defeating Carthage who
held onto Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
They were the only strong power in the
region.
 Hannibal- A Carthaginian general who let
Carthage to invade Italy and be defeated
in 2/3 of the Punic Wars
 Gaul- A land that was taken over in one of
Caesar’s conquests. Gaul is present day
France.
Gaul
• Present day France
• Julius Caesar set out on a conquest to conquer this
area in 59 B.C and after nine years he completed
his conquest
• In 486 Clovis conquered Gaul
• Later became part of Charlemagne’s empire
Why did the Republic fail to survive
challenges by Julius Caesar?
• Julius Caesar was very powerful and
the Republic was already in decline
• He was popular among the people
because of his many victories
• With a strong army under his
command, he was able to defeat
Pompay and his supporters
How did military conquests alter economic and social life
in Rome?
Economic
Social
• Conquests gave Rome
• Rome gained control over
control over trade
busy trade routes
routes that brought
many new riches to the
• Conquered people
city
became slaves and slave
labor increased
• New class of wealthy
Romans emerged
• Farmers went into debt
and were forced to sell
• Romans built mansions
their land because their
and enjoyed new
productivity rate was not
luxuries
as great as that of the
slaves’ on the latifundia
What were some causes of the decline of
the Roman Republic?
• Civil wars erupted due to disagreements
over whether the senate or a political
leader should hold the most power
• Slave uprisings and revolts
• Soldiers gave their first loyalty to their
commanders
• Julius Caesar rose to power
Julius Caesar-”Veni, vidi, vici”
• Dictator and absolute ruler of Rome
– He kept senate and other features of the
republic after he conquered Rome
• Reforms
– Public works
– Granted more citizenship
– New calendar—Julian calendar
• Stabbed to death in March 44BC
Octavian—Caesar Augustus
• Absolute Power
• End of the republic
• Government reforms
– Stabilized government
– Had civil service to enforce laws
– Allowed self-government to cities and provinces of
Rome
• Economic reforms
– Census for better taxing
– Postal service
– New coins for easier trading
Marc Antony
• Julius Caesar’s chief general
• Joined with Octavian to find Caesar’s
murderers
– The two quarreled for power
• 31 BC—Octavian defeated Antony and his
powerful ally, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt
What was Pax Romana?—”Roman Peace”
• The 200-year span that began with
Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius
• Roman rule brought peace, order, unity,
and prosperity from the Euphrates River to
Britain
• This when most of Rome’s cultural
contributions were made.
Social, Economic, and Political
Impacts of the Pax Romana
• Social-People moved with the Roman Empire,
spreading ideas and knowledge. Ideas from Greece and
Judea had an impact on Rome
• Economic-Trade spread throughout lands in Africa
and Asia. Egyptian farmers in the Nile Valley gave grain
to the Romans. Ivory and gold came from other parts of
Africa.
• Political-Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and
prosperity to lands in the Euphrates river into Britain.
Constantine and Theodosius
• Emperor Constantine continued
Diocletian’s reforms. He granted toleration
to Christians. He built a new capital
named Constantinople. Constantinople
made the eastern portion of the empire the
center of power.
• Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the
official religion of the Roman Empire.
How did Christianity become
rooted in the Roman Empire?
• Many religions were practiced in the Roman Empire.
Christianity was one that appealed to many of the
citizens of Rome. Peter and the other disciples
preached to the city of Rome about Christianity. As
Christian churches were established throughout Rome,
more people started to convert. By A.D. 395, Christianity
became Rome’s official religion.
What are the beliefs and
traditions of Christianity?
• One God.
• Jesus Christ was the Son of God.
• Promised spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone
who believed Jesus was the Son of God.
• Taught the need for justice, morality, and service to
others.
• “Love your neighbor with all your heart, with all your
mind, and with all your soul.”
Jesus of Nazareth
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Jesus was born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem.
He was a descendant of King David of Israel.
Mary give birth to Jesus.
Jesus worked as a carpenter until he was 30.
He preached his message until he was 33.
Jesus recruited 12 apostles to aid him in his mission.
One of which was Peter.
149. How did Christianity spread?
Jesus disciples and some of his followers spread from
Jerusalem teaching people about Jesus, his teachings, and
his crucifixion and resurrection.
150. What was the impact Christianity had on the late Roman
Empire?
Emperor Constantine declared Christianity as the major
religion of the Roman Empire. When the empire split into
the Byzantine and the Holy Roman Empire life was centered
around the church. The main political power and social
center was the church. It then spread to Asia and Eastern
Europe to the Islamic countries.
151. Pantheon
A domed temple in Rome that had altars for many of
the gods they worshipped.
152. Colosseum
A large round building which consisted of three levels
of arches in the Roman Forum where gladiators fought each
other and executions were held as entertainment for the
people of Rome.
Aqueducts and Ptolemy
• Aqueducts man-made conduit for carrying water. In a more
restricted sense, aqueducts are structures used to conduct a water
stream across a hollow or valley. In modern engineering "aqueduct"
refers to a system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting
structures used to convey water from its source to its main
distribution point.
• Ptolemy was the Macedonian general who, as one of the Diadochi,
or Successors, of Alexander, acquired Egypt. From him was
established the Ptolemaic Dynasty that ruled for three centuries,
until the murder of Caesarian (Ptolemy XV), the 17 year old son of
Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, by order of Octavian in 30 B.C.
• Although Ptolemy and his successors were and remained Greeks,
they adopted many Egyptian customs, ruling in the tradition of the
ancient Egyptian Pharaohs. They also involved themselves in
incestuous marriages in a like manner of the Pharaohs. The
Ptolemaic kings, all fifteen of whom were named Ptolemy, often
married their sisters, who were commonly named Cleopatra, from
the Greek kleos patris meaning famous parents.
www.crystalinks.com/romeaqueducts.html & http://www.keyway.ca/htm2003/.htm
The Western Roman Empire fell because of no strong
ruler. There was power but no strong ruler to unite all
the land. The attacks by the Huns from Mongolia
pushed people into the empire that the government did
not want and made it hard to defend the empire
because they never new who was in the empire
borders. Their economy was weak; the tax burden was too heavy for the
people to carry.
The Roman Empire was split into and eastern and western half.
The empire was split because it was thought to make it cheaper and
easier to govern because of its large size.
Virgil- wrote The Aeneid which told Rome’s past.
Latin and Romance Languages
•
•
•
Every great Western society sees itself as better for having held on to inherited
Roman traditions. As well as having served as the language of an empire that once
ruled over a fourth of the world's population, today, the variant named Church or
Ecclesiastical Latin is the official language of the Vatican, and language instructors
the world over hold onto it as though it were still very much alive. Its vocabulary has
been borrowed into every major European language, and its roots are the basis of
scientific and technological vocabulary. One noticeable characteristic of Latin is the
heavier reliance on inflections to convey the meaning and use of a word than seen in
its daughter languages.
The Romance languages are a group of closely related vernaculars descended from
the LATIN LANGUAGE, a member of the Italic branch of INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES. The designation Romance is derived from the Latin phrase romanica
loqui, "to speak in Roman fashion," which attests to the popular, rather than literary,
origins of the languages.
The Romance languages that have acquired national standing as the official tongues
of their countries are French, with approximately 98 million speakers living principally
in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, and parts of Africa; Italian, with 65 million
speakers in Italy, Switzerland, and parts of Africa; Portuguese, with 137 million
speakers in Portugal, Brazil, and parts of Africa and Asia; Spanish, with 231 million
speakers in Spain, Latin America, and parts of the Caribbean; and Romanian, with
25 million speakers in Romania and other parts of the Balkans.
http://www.angelfire.com/md/Orastie/Romance.html
How did the location of Constantinople lead to its
development as a major city?
Constantinople became a major city by its close location to the
Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It was a major city that held
trade routes to Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. Because of its
excellent harbors and close location, Constantinople was a
bustling marketplace for centuries. The harbors also make it rich
in many natural resources that can be traded. Because it was a
peninsula, and was surrounded by water on three sides, it was
easily reached by traders of wheat from Egypt, silk from China,
gems from India, spices from Southeast Asia, and furs from the
Northern Viking lands. Justinian also set up a project to beautify
Constantinople, including Constantinople’s crown jewel, the
Hagia Sophia. Justinian also set up a commission to collect and
revise the laws of ancient Rome. He called this the Corpus Juris
Civilis.
Justinian
Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565, wrote the first set of laws
codified on a tablet for citizens to see. He also brought the
Byzantine Empire to its largest size. He was determined to retake
lands stolen from the Byzantine Empire in Rome. Led by
Bellisarius, his army reconquered Africa, Italy, and Southern
Spain. The fighting weakened his treasury and defense in the
Empire, and his successors later lost these lands.
Justinian’s Code of Law
Justinian’s code of laws was the first set of laws codified (written
down) on large stone tablets for all villagers to see. The tablet
was erected in the center of town in order to give all villagers a
good understanding of the law. The laws were written down after
remarks by villagers who were uncertain if they were breaking the
law, and had no way of finding out. By codifying the laws on
tablets, he further improved the rights and duties of villagers, and
set the path for future governments’ laws to be more widely
known by the people.
How did Justinian Expand the Influence of the
Byzantine Empire?
Justinian expanded the influence of the Byzantine Empire in
many ways. He expanded the Byzantine Empire to its largest size,
blending its culture with culture far and wide. Although these
lands were eventually lost to invaders, the Byzantine influence
stayed for centuries. His code of laws and public display of laws
influenced laws in Europe and other parts of the world and was
the first to publicly display laws, a concept that would continue
throughout history.
Mosaics
• A form of art using many small pieces of
tile to form a picture or form of art work.
• This form of art was commonly used on
the floors and walls of churches and
buildings.
• Typical of Byzantine Art
Hagia Sophia
• Justinian had an enormous church built in
Constantinople.
• It had enormous arches and the interior
glowed with many colors of tile and paint.
• The church was a part of a project to
restore roman glory.
Greek Orthodox Christianity
• It is one of three major branches of
Christianity.
• It is monotheistic.
• It has spread throughout western Europe
and Africa.
• Constantinople became one of the major
areas of Greek Orthodox Christianity–
would influence Russia.
What were some differences between the church
in the West and the church in the East?
• In the East the patriarch was recognized
as the highest church official and the pope
was the highest church official in the West
• The Byzantine clergy kept his right to
marry unlike the Western clergy
• The Eastern church recognized Easter as
the chief holiday where as in the West
Christmas was the main holiday
What was the result of the schism
of 1056?
• The result of the schism of 1056 was the
eastern patriarch and the western pope
both excommunicated each other,
resulting in a permanent split between the
eastern and western churches.
The Cyrillic Alphabet
• About 863, two Greek monks, Cyril and
Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet so
they could translate the Bible into Slavic
languages. This Cyrillic alphabet became
the written script used in Russia and
Ukraine to the present.
Question # 169
Why did the Byzantine Empire have such a large
effect on the growth of Russia and Eastern
Europe?
The Byzantine Empire had a large effect on the growth of Russia and Eastern
Europe because many Russian nobles converted to Byzantine Christianity and
declared themselves heirs to the many cultural and political aspects of the
Empire. They also their adopted the art, music, and architecture.
Byzantine missionaries converted many people in both Russia and Eastern
Europe into Byzantine Christianity.
Question # 170
Why did Moscow develop as the center of Russian power?
Moscow developed as the center of Russian power because it was located
near key river trade routes. Soon Moscow also became the capitol for
Russia’s Orthodox Church.
Question # 171
Why did no dominant culture develop in Eastern Europe?
Due to Eastern Europe’s easily migrated geography it became a
cultural crossroads. Traders passed through and people came to seek
new homes in the region. This diversity kept Eastern Europe from
having one specific dominant culture.
What area did Islam have influence
over?
• Islam had influence over Saudi Arabia.
Who founded Islam? In what city
did he found it?
• Muhammad founded
Islam.
• He founded Islam on
the Arabian peninsula
in the city of Mecca.
Where did Islam spread to after its
founding?
• Islam spread through India, Asia, through
the Middle East, into eastern Europe, and
into northern Africa.
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
-Monotheistic religion
- Founded by Muhammad in the 600s on the Arabian Peninsula
- Belief in Allah
- Islam means “submission”
- Holy Book was the Quran
- Five Pillars of Islam
- Major cities included Mecca and Medina
- Hijra: Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina to help
promote Islam
- Theocrocies: type of government most countries have with
Islam as their major religion
CONTINUED BELIEFS OF ISLAM
-Split between the Sunni’s and the
Shi’ites
-Sunni’s believed that the
successor to Muhammad should
be chosen by the Muslim
community (85%)
- Shi’ites believed that the
successor should come from
Muhammad’s family (15%)
MUHAMMAD
-Founded Islam in the 600s on the Arabian Peninsula
- Born in Mecca
- Hijjra: Muhammad’s journey from Mecca, where no one
believed what he taught, to Medina, where he began to build up
Islam
- Known as God’s Prophet
- A huge controversy developed over who would become the
successor to Muhammad; Abu Bakr was chosen
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
1: Declaring your faith
2: Daily prayer (5 times a day)
3: Giving charity to the poor
4: Fasting during the holy month of the Ramadan
5: Pilgrimage to Mecca
THE QURAN
-Holy Book of Islam
- Contained the word of God and Muhammad
Islam Spread To A Halt
• In 732 A.D. the Muslims were defeated at
the Battle of Tours causing the end to
Islam’s conquest into Europe. Even
though they kept control of Spain, Egypt
and the Byzantine Empire for many
centuries to come they never got anymore
land than what they had conquered before
the Battle of Tours.
Separation Within Islam
• After the prophet Muhammad’s death the Muslims spilt
into two the Sunni and the Shi’ites. The cause of the
split was over how the new caliph should be decided,
the Sunni’s felt that the caliph should be a respected
member of the Muslim community. The Shi’ites felt
that the Caliph should only be one of Muhammad’s
descendants. After all of the arguing had ended there
was a split between the two and the Shi’ites went their
way wile the Sunni went theirs. For many years the two
sides waged in war with the Sunni always being more
dominant.
Dome of the
Rock
• The Dome of the Rock is a a very holy
place in Jerusalem it was built around 700
above a rock believed to be the spot
where Muhammad had risen into heaven
after his death.
What Muslims thought of Christians.
The Muslims had no problem with the
Christians up until the crusades, people of
Islam accepted Christians more so than other
religions because they were “people of the
book.” they both also believed in the same
god. After the crusades that opinion changed
when the Christians sacked many Muslim
towns and cities, which could easily change
your opinion of anyone. The crusades went
on for approximately another 400 years
The spread of the Arabic language
• the Arabic language spread with the Islamic religion.
• Considering the Quran had to be read aloud in original
Arabic everyone who embraced the religion had to learn
how to read and speak Arabic.
• Islam spread further than the borders of the once
glorious Rome, thus most of the people within the effect
of the spread of Islam learned to speak Arabic
• Sense all Islamic people could speak the same language
it resulted in unity in the earlier days of Islam, sadly as
time went on and conditions worsened that sense of
unity started to crumble.
Geography’s effect on Islam
• The geography of Arabia and most of the middle east
and Africa is flat and filled with deserts thus the spread of
Islam was not effected much by physical barriers
besides the vastness of Islam’s reach which extend from
Asia to Europe, and even down into the far reaches of
the African plains
• Islam was also not hindered by any surrounding empires
or kingdoms considering they were all too weak to stop
the spread of Islam. Islam was only stopped in its
advance into Europe by the French in the battle of Tours.
What were some cultural contributions of
the Muslim civilization?
*Economy; set up a vast network form Northern Africa
through the Middle East into Asia: established the first ‘check’
system.
*Art and Architecture; Dome of the Rock; Calligraphy; no
portraits of Allah in their artwork/ it was against religious law.
*Literature; Book of Kings; Thousand and One Nights
*Language; Arabic language spread with trade and conquest of
new areas
*Education; Arab universities draw the best medieval
European scholars; advances in medicine , math, science, and
astronomy; Arabic Numerals
Why did the Church grow in importance
during the Middle Ages
The church grew in importance in the Middle
Ages because developed its own body of laws. Cannon
law applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages,
and morals. Punishment consisted of either
excommunication or interdict. The most severe and
most terrifying was excommunication, they could not
receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. A powerful
Noble who opposed the church could face the interdict,
an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom
from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial.
How did monasteries help preserve the
ancient traditions of the Greeks and
Romans?
Monasteries helped preserve the ancient traditions of
Greeks and Romans by having complete service to the
church; focusing on education and learning; and they
had to obey church rules, obedience, chastity, and
poverty.
The Crowning of Charlemagne
The significance of Charlemagne being
crowned the Emperor of the Romans was
that a Christian pope had crowned a German
king successor to the Roman emperors.
Charlemagne laid down the ground for
desperate power struggles between future
Roman Catholic popes and German
emperors. Also, the crowning of
Charlemagne helped widen the split between
the eastern and western Christian worlds.
Charlemagne
 About 800, Western Europe saw a moment of
unity when the grandson of Charles Martel built
and empire reaching across France, Germany,
and part of Italy.
 Charlemagne loved battle and spent much of his
46-year reign fighting the Muslims in Spain,
Saxons in the north, Avars and Slavs in the east,
and Lombards in Italy. His conquests reunited
much of the old Roman Empire.
Clovis
• In 486, Clovis, The king of Franks, conquered
the former Roman province of Gaul. He ruled his
new lands according to the Frankish custom and
did not preserve much of the Roman legacy in
Gaul.
• He took an important step when he converted to
Christianity, the religion of the people in Gaul.
Not only did he earn their support, but he also
gained a powerful ally in the Christian Church of
Rome.
How did The power of the church and the
government become intermingled during the
Middle Ages?
• The pope declared papal supremacy ( which is declaring
yourself basically the ruler of all.)
• The church handed out sacraments ( which are the sacred
rites of the church) to villages.
• The church developed it’s own laws, which were the Canon
Laws. It applied to religious teachings, clergy, marriages,
and morals. If you disobeyed any of the laws faced a wide
range of penalties.
• The most feared penalty was that of being
excommunicated. Excommunication is where you could not
receive the sacraments, or have a Christian burial.
• If you were a ruler of your village you could face the
interdict, which is where the whole town, region, or
kingdom wouldn’t receive sacraments or a Christian burial.
This could cause a revolt with the town people.
How did Feudalism develop in Europe?
• (from page 186 of your History books under “The
emergence of Feudalism”)
in the face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims,
and Magyars, kings and emperors were too weak to
maintain law and order. People needed protection
for themselves, their homes, their land. In respond
to this basic need for protection, a new system
evolved, known as Feudalism.
What is Feudalism?
Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which
powerful local lords divided their landholdings among
lesser lords. The relationship between Lord and vassals was
established by a feudal contract. A lord granted the vassal
a fief (an estate). Some ranged from a few acres to
hundreds of square miles. IN that fief included peasants
which worked the land, and any buildings or towns on
that land. The lord promised to protect the vassal and the
vassal pledged loyalty to his lord, 40 days of military
service, certain money payments, and advice..
The feudal society was as follows: Monarch- Powerful
Lords (dukes and counts) – Vassals- Serfs (Peasants)
Continued..
The manor, or lord’s estate, was the heart of the economy.
Most manors had a few villages and surrounding lands.
The peasants lived and worked on the manor. Most
peasants were bound to the land, they couldn’t be bought
or sold, still they weren’t free. They couldn’t leave
without the lord’s permission and if the manor was
granted a new lord they stayed with the manor.
The peasants jobs were the work several days a week
farming the lands, repaired roads, bridges, and fences.
They had to pay a fee when they got married, when they
inherited their father’s acres, or when they used the local
mill to grind grain.
What were some common obligations
between different classes in a feudal
society?
• A vassal had to pay his lord certain money payments, and
the peasants had to pay the lord a fee for when they got
married, when they inherited their father’s estate, or
when they used the local mill.
• In some cases the same man was both vassal and lordvassal to a more powerful lord above him and lord to a
less powerful vassal below him..so everyone was holding
fiefs and pledging loyalty, which made things very
complex.
• The Lord controlled the land and divided it among
Vassals. Vassals took care of the peasants and provided
the lord with 40 days of military service, certain money
payments, and advice. The peasants took care of the
land. So everyone had a job in Feudal society.
1. Why was movement between groups in feudalism so difficult?
It’s difficult because there isn’t much education and
status are usually very concrete and hard to change to and fro
from. Most people were poor and couldn’t buy a higher social
status.
2. How did Charlemagne help revive the idea of the old Roman
Empire?
The Holy Roman Empire was founded by Charlemagne
with the support of Pope Leo III.
3. Where did Angles, Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars have their
areas of influence?
Germany and Eastern Europe and Scandanavia
4. What were the major trade routes of the world during medieval
times?
The Silk Road was a major trade route. As well as
Constantinople being a major trading city.
By: Deena Beck
Religion and Geography
Shinto was a popular
religion in Japan.
Shinto focused on the
power of the natural spirits
around us.
All though it was popular
in Japan it did not spread
to other countries.
Since Japan is located on a
string of Islands it was
separated from the influences
of other countries for along
time.
Japan’s mountains also
served to further isolate it
from the rest of the world.
Throughout the centuries trade has
spread Ideas across the globe.
Centers of trade are cultural mixing
pots where goods, ideas, languages
and religions are exchanged. This is
one way that Greek culture could be
found so far from Greece. This is also
how the printing press came from Asia
to Europe.
Through trade gunpowder made its
way from China to Europe. Also West
Africa came to believe in Islam, while
East Africa came to believe in
Christianity through trade.
Because of China’s close proximity to
Japan it had a major influence on it.
Through trade and travel with Japan
Buddhism crossed over from China into
Japan.
Japan also used China’s confusionist
ideas and applied them to their
government.
Also the Chinese and Japanese
languages are similar to one another.
203. How did Shinto and Buddhism affect the
development of Japan’s culture?
Shinto and Buddhism affected the
development of Japan’s culture with the way
that is stressed the importance of natural
forces. Also, Buddhism and Shinto affected
the development of Japan’s culture because
Shrines dotted the Japanese countryside.
204.
Axum
• A sub-Saharan African Kingdom
between 900 BC-600AD
• Located near the Nile River
• Traded with Constantinople-traded
Rhino horns and spices
• Influenced by Christianity
205.
Zimbabwe
• A sub-Saharan African Kingdom
between 900-1500
• Close to two major rivers and the
Indian Ocean-Both good locations to
trade
• Had gold resources and profitable
links for trade
• Manufactured jewelry and iron tools
206. Ghana
• Located near the Niger River-trade was
key
• Had natural resources like gold that
European nations wanted
• Influenced by Islam
• 1st employed Muslims as scribes
• Later used Muslim philosophies and ideas
to run their government
1200’s A.D.
Had mansas, or kings, who expanded their influence over both the
gold-mining regions to the South and the salt supplies of Taghaza.
Greatest emporer was Mansa Musa who converted to Islam and
based his systems of justice on the Quran.
Had valuable trade routes and traded with people for food/salt.
Converted to Islam.
1400’s A.D.
Broke away from Mali.
Sonni Ali made it the largest kingdom of Africa.
Set up a bureacracy with departments for faming, the army, and the
treasury.
Had a vast trade network.
Converted to Islam to gain military support.
In the sub-saharan civilizations, there were
polytheistic religions.
However, many of these African civilizations
converted to Islam, partly for the military
support and allies.
Life in the Sub-Saharan Civilizations was
heavily based on trade.
They traded gold for salt and other foods
that they needed.
Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilization
Mayan
-Occupied Yucatan Peninsula
- Many different civilizations in one area with a similar culture
-Main city was Chichen Itza
-Had one ruler that had control over the city-states
-Each city-state had its own ruler
-Arts included sculptures, carvings and paintings
-Polytheistic
Incan
-Occupied current day Peru in the Andes Mountains
-The one emperor had complete control over all the people
-Their main industry was farming crops like maize on step terraces
-Had an extensive system of roads that linked all of their villages together
-Main city was Machu Picchu
-Polytheistic
Aztec
-Occupied current day Mexico Valley
-The emperor was chosen by priests/nobles
-The most militaristic of the early American Civilizations
-Created the sun stone (calendar)
-They used Chinampas, which were floating pieces of land that grew crops using the water that
surrounded them, to farm
-Their main city was Tenochtitlan
-They built pyramids to honor their gods
-Polytheistic
Major Cities of Early American Civilizations
Chichen Itza
-Major city of the Mayan Empire
-Located on the Yucatan Peninsula
-Many temples were built there such as El Castillo, The Temple of The Warriors, The
Observatory, The Nunnery, The Ball Court, and Cenote
-Used step terraces to farm on the mountains
Tenochtitlan
-Major city of the Aztec Empire
-They were conquered by the Spaniard army of Cortez
-Located on an island in a salt lake in the Mexico Valley
-Used Chinampas to farm on their lake
-Had pyramids like The Temple of The Moon and The Temple of The Sun
Machu Picchu
-Major city of the Incan Empire
-Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru
-Grew crops like maize using step terraces
Cultural Contributions
William of Normandy
He wins the english throne in 1066 and blends Anglo Saxon and
Norman traditions.
He was the first powerful leader of Britian.
The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was signed by King Johnin 1215 and contained
three main principles:
A.
It extended the rights of the common englishmen.
B.
King John was not above the law.
C.
Monarchs’ power was limited.
Common Law
This was a system of law based on court rulings and traditions .
It was the basis for English law.
Contributions of Early American
Civilizations
The Mayans
• This civilization developed a helpful system of farming.
• Their major city is Chichen Itza
The Aztecs
This civilization is the most militaristic of the three
They were polytheistic and made economy from farming.
The Incas
The Mayans’ major city is Machu Picchu.
They made an extensive system of roads which connected all of their villages.
All of these civilizations made achievements with advances in math,medicine and
calendars
Hugh Capet
-Hugh Capet was a French king (ruled from 987 to 996) who controlled
estates around Paris and Orlean.
-Founder of the Capetian Dynasty
-Declared that the French thrown was by election and not heredity
-He was devoted to the Church
Parliament
-Edward 1 established English Parliament
-First arose during the 13th century.
-included a House of Commons, a House of Lords, a Cabinet System.
-also, put in groups of nobles, churchmen, and “commons” (simple knights
and townsmen)
The Rise of Nationalism During
the Hundred Years War
-The Hundred Years War split apart France and England. The war
gave France independence and a sense of nationality.
-During The Hundred Years War, England looked to Parliament
for help. Also, they looked at trade as a new way of traveling and
adventure.
-Also, France started to grow and develop, bringing new inventions
such as the cannon and longbow.
Democracy in England
During the 11th-13th centuries, the causes for the development
of democratic principles were…
-the fall of the Roman Empire
-the Church of England had great power in the form of taxes and the rise of the economy
-the stability of the feudal system provided a sense of physical
protection
land, also controlling most of the people’s power.
By: Christine Ficor :)
Phillip IV
*From
France
*He taxed the
church
*Phillip engineered the
move of the church from
Rome to Southern
France
Joan of Arc
• In 1429, a peasant woman
persuaded Charles VII to let
her lead the French army
against the English.
• She led the French to
several victories.
• She was taken captive and
tried for witchcraft.
• Joan was then burned at
the stake.
Ferdinand and Isabella
**In 1469, Isabella of
Castile married Ferdinand of
Aragon.
**The two powerful monarchs
combined their forces and
Granada fell (1492).
**Isabella ended religious
toleration and set up a court
to try people accused of
heresy.
How did the first Spanish monarchs
help convert Spain from a mostly
Muslim area to a Christian nation?
*In 1085, christian
warriors recaptured the
city of Toledo.
*By 1300, Christians
controlled the entire Iberian
Peninsula except for
Granada.
*During the next 200yrs.,
Christian forces pushed
slowly southward.
*Muslim influences helped
shape the arts and literature
of Christian Spain.
Ivan the Great
•Set up an absolute rule type of government
•He used the Byzantine Empire and their court rituals
as a model
Crusades
•Started when the Muslim Turks invaded the Byzantine
Empire
•Pope Urban ll gave a speech to rally Christian knights
and gain support for the crusades
•Christian knights captured Jerusalem in1099
•After 200 years of fighting, the Muslims, led by
Saladin, took control of Jerusalem
•Then the Christians tried but failed to retake
Jerusalem (Saladin’s prosperous achievement)
Crusades Cont.
•After negotiations, Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian
pilgrims
•Later, crusaders stop fighting the Muslims and began to battle
other Christians
•The crusaders looted Constantinople, meanwhile Muslim armies
overran Christian states and took the last Christian outpost
Pope Urban ll
•He got the majority of Christians to support the crusades
•He did that by giving a speech which raised the morale for
fighting in the crusades
Jerusalem
•Had a connection with the Holy Land
•Because of that, it was fought over by many religions
•Eventually became a center for the Islamic, Jewish, and Christian
religions.
Effects of The Crusades
•The Crusade left a trail of
biter religious hatred
•Both Christians and Muslims
committed a poling atrocities
to both religions
• it caused cultural diffusion
and spread religions and
cultures
Byzantine Empire
• Constantinople which was key trade route center to Asia
and Europe
• The Hagia Sophia
• The blind of cultures of ancient Greek, Roman, and
Christian influences and other traditions of the
Mediterranean world
• In the 1090s the emperor requested for western help to
defeat the Turks who had closed the Turks Pilgrimages
• In 1453 ottoman forces surrounded the city of
Constantinople, after a sage lasting 2 months they broke
through
• The Byzantine heritage was an enduring symbol Roman
civilization
• Their art consisted of Mosaics and religious art
Mongol Invasions
• In the early 1200’s, a young leader united the
Mongols. He took the title Genghiz Khan.
• Between 1236 and 1231, Batu, the grandson of
Genghiz, and led Mongol armies into Russia.
• The golden horde of the Mongols ruled Russia
for the next 240 years.
• The Mongol conquest brought peace to a lot of
area to the land between china and Eastern
Europe and had many trade routes along this
region
The Seljuk civilization
• Seljuk Turks migrated into the middle east from
central Asia
• They adopted Islam and built a large empire
across the Fertile crescent
• By 1055, a Seljuk sultan controlled Baghdad.
• As they pushed into Asia Minor, they threatened
the Byzantine empire.
• Reports of Seljuk interference with Christian
pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem lap pope Urban
the II in 1095 to call for the first crusade
To whom & when did Constantinople
fall?
• In 1453, Ottoman forces surrounded the
city of Constantinople. After a siege lasting
two months ottoman forces were
victorious.
How did the Crusades further widen the
split between the east & west?
• During later crusades trade rivalry sparked
violence between the Byzantine empire
and Venice. In the 4th crusade, Europeans
attacked Constantinople, and Western
Christians ruled the city for 50 years.
How did the Crusades bring people
together and pull people further apart?
• The crusades helped bring Christians
together by giving them a similar enemy to
fight and it did the same for Muslims.
However it split the two religions further
apart.
How did the black death impact Europe
economically & socially?
• Production declined as the work force died. The wages
for surviving workers soared so did inflation. Socially, the
plague caused terror in Europe and some people
thought that the plague was punishment from God,
Christians blamed Jews, and some turned to witchcraft
and magic to cure themselves.
239. How did church scholars begin to interpret and
value ancient learning?
Scholars began translating ancient works, and they
set off a revolution in the world of learning. Christian
scholars, also known as scholastics, tried to resolve the
challenge of conflict between faith and reason. Their
method used reason to support Christian beliefs. This
method is known as scholasticism.
240. What were some new business practices of the late medieval time
period that helped to increase trade/ money economy?
To meet the needs of the changing economy, Europeans developed new
ways of doing business.
Partnership- merchants put their money in together to finance a large-scale
business that would have been too costly for any individual trader
.Insurance- Merchants developed insurance to help reduce business risks.
For a small amount of money, an underwriter would insure the merchant’s
shipment. If the shipment was lost or destroyed, the underwriter paid the
merchant most of its value. If the goods arrived safely, the only thing the
merchant would be losing is the insurance payment.
Bill of exchange- A merchant would use this if he was traveling to a
different city where different money was used. This made it so the merchant
wouldn’t have to travel with gold coins, which could be easily stolen. He
would deposit his money with a banker, who would then issue him a bill of
exchange, which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city.
241. Barter: to exchange a set
of goods or services for
another. This was used in
barter economy the early
civilizations, before money
economy came to power.
242. How did the northern Italian cities of
Florence, Venice, and Genoa develop their
economic and political importance?
The Renaissance began Italy because it was
the center of the Roman empire, and it was a
logical place for a rebirth of the arts. It
contained architectural remains, statues, coins,
and inscriptions, which were all visible
reminders of Romanesque art.
In the city states, such as Florence, Venice, and
Genoa, there was a wealthy and powerful
merchant class that further promoted the
cultural rebirth. These merchants exerted both
political and economic leadership, and their
attitudes and interests helped to shape the
Italian Renaissance. Therefore, the Italian citystates grew into prosperous centers of
manufacturing and trade.
Q. Who is Machiavelli and what were his ideas on power?
A. Machiavelli was for a while a diplomat from Florence and
observed kings and princes in foreign regions. He wrote a book
expressing his ideas on how leaders should rule their countries.
B. This of course brings us to our second question: what were his
ideas on power? Differing from others, he favored such things
as it is better to be feared then loved. His perspective was that if
needed, cruelty was ok, to put their subjects and keep then line.
Q. What was The Prince?
A. Machiavelli wrote a book with his views on how rulers
should act. The Prince, published in 1513, was this book.
This book had ideas that were strange to many people,
but made much since in politics.
Q. How did art and literature differ in the renaissance than
in the middle ages?
A. In the middle ages, art and literature revolved around
the church. In fact, most things did. When the
Renaissance came, it brought upon some incredible art
and literature that had nothing to do with the church.
Some of it though was in the style the Greeks and
Romans favored.
The renaissance brought upon some great artists and thinkers, bringing
us out of the time of little education. Such writers as castiglione and
Machiavelli wrote things concerning politics, while those of
Shakespeare and Cervantes were taking the plays of human
emotion, such as comedies and tragedies.
On the other hand, the artists most well known in Italy, the three
musketeers of art, being Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael were
working well with such pieces as the Mona Lisa <L>, the Sistine
chapel <M>, and the school of Athens <R>. Then there were the
artists of the north, such as Duer, with his engraved art, the van
Ecyk’s and their invention of the oil paints, and of course Pieter
Bruegel.
 Leonardo was born in 1452 on his father's family estate at Vinci, near
Florence.
Leonardo was accepted into the painters' guild at Florence in 1472 and then
he stayed there for the next 10 years.
In 1482 Leonardo was hired by the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, to be artist
and engineer in residence. In this capacity he was constantly kept busy as a
painter and sculptor, though many of his paintings and all of his sculptures
remained unfinished.
 During the years 1513 to 1516, Leonardo was in Rome at the invitation of
Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici. The world’s greatest artists of the time were at
work in Rome for the church. Donato Bramante was building St. Peter's Basilica,
Michelangelo was working on the tomb of Pope Julius, and Raphael was
painting the rooms of the pope's apartments.
 On May 2, 1519, Leonardo died at Cloux and was buried in the palace
church. The whereabouts of Leonardo's remains is no longer known.
 Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was born on March 6, 1475. His
birthplace, Caprese, Italy, was a tiny village that belonged to the nearby city-state
of Florence.
 Between 1508 and 1512 Michelangelo painted the vaulted ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel in Rome with hundreds of figures that made up his vision of the world's
creation. He worked on a scaffold 60 feet (18 meters) above the floor and
covered 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of surface. Most of the time he
painted while he lay on his back in a tight, cramped position.
 More than 20 years after he completed his ceiling frescoes for the Sistine
Chapel, Michelangelo began his enormous fresco 'The Last Judgment'. This is a
vast painting that covers the entire wall of the chapel behind the altar.
 Petrarch was born in Arezzo, Tuscany, on July 20, 1304.
 Petrarch produced a number of writings. The most celebrated are the poems
collectively called 'Rime', which tell of the great love of his life.
 Among his other works are 'Africa', an epic poem about the Second Punic
War.
 By 1367 he had settled in Padua. He died in nearby Arqua on July 19, 1374.
"Man is the measure of all things," said the Greek philosopher Protagoras in
the 5th century BC. This statement serves to clarify the two primary
definitions of humanism. First of all, humanism was a movement that arose
during the 14th century in Italy. The time in which humanism flourished was
called the Renaissance, which means "rebirth“. Humanism derives from the
Latin word humanitas. The word obviously means "humanity," but in relation
to humanism it signifies more. Humanism arose in the cities of northern
Italy--in Florence, Venice, Pisa, Milan, Rome, and others--just as they were
becoming potent economic forces. Neither religion nor God was rejected by
the humanists. Their goal was to remove religion as a prime domination in
their lives and to establish it as an institutions in society.
When the Renaissance moved farther
north into Europe…
 Humanists emphasized
religious themes
The people were demanding books
be written in vernacular rather than
Latin
Books were being
printed from printing
presses
People were enjoying
Shakespeare, Rabelais, &
Cervantes
Johann
Gutenberg
Created the printing
press which was
able to mass produce books
This meant that printed books
were cheaper and easier to make
As a result of the printing
were able to read
press, more people
Erasmus
The Dutch Priest who translated
the Bible into vernacular
Wrote The Praise Folly, which he used to
expose the behaviors of the people of his era
Sir Thomas More
English humanist who wrote the book
Utopia
In this book he describes the perfect place, in which
there was no crime and all are well educated
We use the word utopian do describe any
ideal society