Transcript Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution
& Enlightenment
1550-1789
Chapter 10
Scientific Revolution
Section 1
Roots of Modern Science
 Scientific Revolution – New way of thinking about the
natural world.
 Scholars published ideas that challenged the ideas of
ancient thinkers and the Catholic Church.
 New ideas based on careful observation & question
accepted beliefs.
 Causes of the Scientific Revolution
 Exploration of Africa, Asia, & the Americas led to
discoveries
 Invention of the printing press helped spread the new ideas
 Astronomy & mathematical scientific research – navigation
during the age of exploration
 Need to learn more information about the natural world:
QUESTIONING!
Revolutionary Model of the Universe
 Geocentric Theory: earth-centered view of the universe
 Aristotle-4th century BC philosopher
 Ptolemy-2nd century AD expanded the idea
 The Church-taught God placed the earth at the center of
the universe
 Heliocentric Theory: Center of the universe was the sun
 Copernicus: Polish astronomer (1500s), Studied planetary
movements for 25 years  reasoned that the planets
moved around the sun
 He knew his ideas went against scholars (ancient) & the
Church, which he would be considered a heretic.
 Published his findings in 1543, the last year of his life
 Johannes Kepler: discovered planets revolve around the
sun in an elliptical motion. His laws proved Copernicus’s
theory.
Galileo Galilei
 Italian scientist that studied the heavens through a
telescope
 He IMPROVED, not INVENTED, the telescope.
 Starry Messenger: book that described his observations
with his telescope
 His ideas supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory.
 His ideas went against church authority & teachings (C
& P)
 Summoned by Pope to denounce his theories & support of
Copernicus’s ideas
 Under house arrest until his death
Newton’s Law of Gravity
 Sir Isaac Newton: English mathematician/professor
 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy = Principia
 Three Laws of Motion
 Law of Universal Gravitation: planetary bodies move in an
elliptical orbit around the sun; every object in the universe
is attracted to every other object by the force of gravity.
 His law changed ideas about the universe– now it was
thought of as uniform and was ruled by natural laws.
 Studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge
University
Anatomy
 Human Body
 Middle Ages – doctors accepted
the writings of Galen, an
ancient Greek physician.
 He had never dissected the
human body. (Why not?)
 He studied the anatomy of
pigs and other animals
 Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s
assumptions WRONG
 He dissected human corpses
and published his
observations
 On the Fabric of the Human
Body – detailed drawings of
human organs, bones, and
muscle.
Medicine
 Vaccinations/Inoculations
 Edward Jenner (E) in the
late 1700s infected people
with smallpox germs to give
them a mild form so their
immune systems would
build up a tolerance to the
germs.
Scientific Method
 A new approach to scientific research – Biology Class!
 Francis Bacon (English statesman): Believed scientists
would generate practical knowledge that would improve
people’s lives
 Urged scientists to draw conclusions from doing
experiments & research = empiricism (experimental
method)
 Rene Descartes (scientist): “I think; therefore, I am.”
 Developed analytical geometry = new tool for scientific
research
 Scientists need to reject old assumptions & teachings
 Relied on mathematics & logic (not experiments)
Scientific Revolution
Changing Idea: Scientific Method
Old Science
New Science
Relied on ancient authorities
(Who?), church teachings, common
sense, and reasoning to explain
the physical world
Scholars began to use observation,
experimentation, and scientific
reasoning to gather knowledge and
draw conclusions about the
physical world.
Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Scientific Instruments
 Microscope – Created by Zacharias Janssen
 Bacteria first observed in 1670s by Anton von Leeuwenhoek
 Mercury Thermometer – Created by Fahrenheit
 Gabriel Fahrenheit (Freezing Point?)
 Anders Celsius (Freezing Point?) – New scale for thermometer
Comprehension Check
 1. True or False: Copernicus believed the earth was the
center of the universe.
 2. True or False: Galileo published the Starry
Messenger, in which he agreed with the heliocentric
idea of the universe.
 3. Explain Newton’s Law of Gravitation.
 4. What are the steps in the scientific method?
 5. True or False: Rene Descartes was a philosopher and
said, “I think therefore I am.”
Enlightenment in Europe
Section 2
Setting the Stage
 Have you ever wondered where the words “life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness” in the Declaration of
Independence come from?
 What are natural rights? You mean, I’m born with
RIGHTS?!
 Why do you stop at a red light? What is the benefit you
get from stopping at the light?
 Government, Religion, Economics, and Education were
all topics the Enlightenment thinkers sought to either
improve or change completely.
Views on Government
Changing Idea: The Right to Govern
Old Idea
New Idea
Monarch’s rule was justified by
divine right.
Government’s power comes from
the consent of the governed.
**Absolute Monarchs
**Constitutional Monarchs,
democracy, autocracy…
Views on Government
Two Enlightened Views of Government
Thomas Hobbes
Human Nature:
•Humans were naturally wicked &
selfish
•Without government there
would be constant war because
of human nature
John Locke
Human Nature:
•Humans had a natural ability to
govern their own affairs and look
after the welfare of society
•People had natural rights: born
free & equal, life, liberty, and
the pursuit of property
•Humans had to give up some
freedom in exchange for law &
order
•Consent of governed
Government:
Strong ruler (Monarchy)
Government:
Self-Government (Autocracy)
Favored traditional absolute
monarchy
Foundation of Modern Democracy
Baron de Montesquieu
 He believed the British
government was the bestgoverned and most
politically balanced
 On the Spirit of Laws
 Separation of Powers: would
keep any individual or group
from gaining total control of
the government
 Checks and Balance: each
branch of government has its
own duties and ways to
check the power of other
branches
Jean Jacques Rousseau
 “Man is born free, and
everywhere he is in
chains.”
 Believed that good
government was one that
was freely formed by the
people and guided by the
“general will” of society (a
direct democracy)
 Social Contract: agreement
between a society and its
government – give up a few
rights for protection
Voltaire
“I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the
death your right to say it.”
 Use satire to comment on
social and political issues
 Targeted: clergy,
aristocracy, and the
government
 Sent to jail twice by French
& then exiled in England
for more than 2 years
 Never stopped fighting for
tolerance, reason, freedom
of religious belief, and
freedom of speech
Cesare Becarria
 Italian Philosophe who promoted
Criminal Justice
 Believed laws existed to preserve
social order, NOT TO AVENGE
CRIMES
 Criticized:
 Torturing of witnesses and suspects
 Irregular proceedings in trails
 Punishments that were arbitrary or
cruel
 Argued a person should receive a
speedy trial
 Believed capital punishment should
be abolished.
Age of Reason
 Philosophes (French for philosopher): French social critics of
the mid-1700
 Believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life
 Salons: place for conversations & spread ideas of Enlightenment
 Five Core Concepts of Philosophes:
 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason or logical
thinking
 2. Nature – what was natural was good and reasonable
 3. Happiness – Urged people to find joy & well-being on earth
 4. Progress – Stressed that humankind and society could improve
 5. Liberty – called for the liberties the English people had won in
their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
Women & the Enlightenment
 Mary Wollstonecraft
 A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman
 Argued that women needed
education to become
virtuous and useful, urged
women to enter maledominated fields of
medicine and law/politics
 Women helped to spread
the ideas of the
Enlightenment through
Salons
Religion in the Enlightenment
 Religion was STILL an
important part of
Enlightenment society
 John Wesley – Methodism
 Brought religion to lower
and middle class of England
 Methodist Societies stressed
importance of hard work
and encouraged behaviors
that led to spiritual
contentment
 Will become a separate
Protestant denomination
The Impact of the
Enlightenment
Section 3
Music
Johann Sebastian Bach
Franz Joseph Haydn
 German composer
 Worked for
Hungarian princes
 Baroque style
 Brandenburg Concerto
 Classical style
 Andante from Opus
77.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
George Frederick Handel
 Child prodigy - Classical
 German composer who
lived in England
 Subject of the film
Amadeus
 Baroque style
 Wrote final drafts on his
first try
 Hallelujah Chorus from
Messiah
 Marriage of Figaro
Enlightenment & Monarchy
 Enlightened Despot – absolute ruler who governed with
Enlightenment ideals
 Catherine the Great of Russia
 Frederick the Great (Frederick II) of Prussia
 Maria Theresa of Austria
Enlightenment + Absolutism=?
 Enlightenment said government should allow
religious toleration, free speech, free press,
private property, art, science, and education.
 Was Enlightened Absolutism possible?
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) of
Prussia
 Expanded the Prussian
Army.
 Abolished torture.
 Granted free speech
& press.
 Religious toleration.
 Kept serfdom &
nobility.
 Remained absolutist.
Catherine the Great
 Daughter of a German
prince.
 Betrothed to Peter the
Great’s grandson (who was
insane).
 Catherine seized power and
had her husband locked up
(& murdered).
 Tried to reform feudalism
to no avail.
 Expanded Russia’s territory.
Joseph II of Austria
 Launched
widespread reforms
in Austria.
 Ended serfdom,
death penalty, and
religious
intolerance.
 Made everyone mad.
 Died a failure.
Maria Theresa & Joseph II
 Queen of Austria & her son,
Joseph II of Austria
 “I have made philosophy
the lawmaker of my
empire.”
 Abolished serfdom,
 eliminated the death
penalty,
 established the principle of
equality
 Reforms largely FAILED
American Revolution
Section 4
Seven Years War
 War fought around the world…
 England and France become rivals because of competition for
colonial empires
 Areas of Conflict: Europe, India, and North America
 Europe – Seven Years War
 Alliances: Britain-Prussia vs. Austria-Russia-France
 Europe war ended in 1763 with STALEMATE (no one wins)
 India – Great War for Empire
 British won in India
 The Seven Years War went by another name on the North
American continent…
Causes of the Revolution
 French and Indian War (Seven Years War) 1754-1763
 France & GB Colonists fighting in N America
 Treaty of Paris 1763 & Proclamation Line of 1763
 Debt incurred in GB, needed repaying by COLONISTS…
 Treaty of Paris 1763
 Colonists could not settle the land they had fought the French for…
 No Taxation Without Representation
 Colonists did not have a representative in GB Parliament
 Colonists had local colonial governments/representative bodies – House of
Burgesses
 Trade Restrictions passed by Parliament & George III
 Navigation Acts
 End of Salutary Neglect
British Colonies in America
 American colonies had grown into large, thriving settlements
with their own governments.
 In America, for nearly 150 years  considered themselves
NOT EXACTLY British, but Virginians, etc.
 Created a new identify and culture apart from Great Britain
 Grew from trade with other European countries, not exactly
what Britain had in mind.
 King George III was not happy – he wanted the wealth from
the colonies for himself and GB.
 George III & Parliament passed laws to restrict colonial trade
with other countries  caused turmoil & rebellion in the
colonies
American Independence
 Patriots (rebels) vs. Torries (Loyalists)
 Olive Branch Petition – George III ignores it
 Last ditch effort at peace with GB
 Declaration of Independence – signed July 4, 1776
 Written by Thomas Jefferson
 Colonists felt justified in rebelling against a tyrant who
had broken the social contract (John Locke/Rousseau)
American Republic – New Nation
 Articles of Confederation = WEAK!
 FIRST constitution of the Untied States
 Created a LOOSE confederation of state
 No executive branch or national government
 U.S. Constitution of 1787
 Federal System of Government – Layer Cake
 Enumerated powers of states and federal government
 Bill of Rights