Transcript Lecture PowerPoint

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 2
Neuroscience, Genetics
and Behavior
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigYWy2UmOY
Fact or Falsehood
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. True
Brain Diagram #1
B. ________________
C. ________________
D. ________________
A. ________________
J. ________________
I. ________________
H. _________
E. ________________
G. ________________
____________________
F. ________________
Brain Diagram #1
Inspirational Power
Neurons
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UukcdU258A
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSzsI5aGcK4&list=PLGa4Ni4959GyYS6qFikjkpZSLK8n8K7o
 Amazing Brain: Infant development: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29322understanding-brain-neurons-video.htm
 Neurons to Networks: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLp-edwiGUU
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQKma9uMCFk
Neural
Communication
 Biological Psychology
 branch of psychology concerned with the links
between biology and behavior
 some biological psychologists call themselves
behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists,
behavior geneticists, physiological
psychologists, or biopsychologists
 Neuron
 a nerve cell
 the basic building block of the nervous system
Neural
Communication
 Dendrite
 the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that
receive messages and conduct impulses toward the
cell body
 Axon
 the extension of a neuron, ending in branching
terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to
other neurons or to muscles or glands
 Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath
 a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons
 enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral
impulses
Neural
Communication
Neural
Communication
 Action Potential
 a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that
travels down an axon
 generated by the movement of positively
charged atoms in and out of channels in the
axon’s membrane
 Threshold
 the level of stimulation required to trigger a
neural impulse
Neural
Communication
Cell body end
of axon
Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals
Neural
Communication
 Synapse [SIN-aps]
 junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron
and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
 tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or
cleft
 Neurotransmitters
 chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps
between neurons
 when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to
receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby
influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
Pop Quiz: Label the Parts
F._____________________
_________________
E.____________
__________
G.____________
D._________
________
__________
__________
I.______________
H.____________
__________
____________
____________
Neural
Communication
Serotonin Pathways
Dopamine Pathways
Neurotransmitters
On a piece of paper
Identify the 6 Neurotransmitters listed:
function and Malfunctions
Define Endorphins
What is an Agonist? An Antagonist?
Sketch the Nervous system Tree Chart
What are Neural Networks
Neurotransmitters
 Acetylcholine (ACh)[ah-seat-el-KO-leen]
 a neurotransmitter that, among its
functions, triggers muscle contraction
 Curare – South American poison – blocks receptor sites
to the ACh neurotransmitter cannot interact
 Botulin – another poison; think Botox – blocks the
release of ACh from the sending neuron (paralyzes
facial muscles
 Black Widow venom causes a flood of ACh causing
violent muscle contractions, convulsions and even death
Neurotransmitters
 Endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
 “morphine within”
 natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters
 linked to pain control and to pleasure
Endorphins
 Endorphins are produced as a response
to certain stimuli,
 especially stress, fear or pain.
 They originate in various parts of your body –
 the pituitary gland, your spinal cord and
throughout other parts of your brain and nervous
system
 Interact mainly with receptors in cells found
in regions of the brain responsible for
blocking pain and controlling emotion
Endorphins
 Endorphins block pain, but they're
also responsible for our feelings of
pleasure.
Neurotransmitters
 Seratonin
 Dopamine
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl8C9ZuLTA
Neuron
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGu
Wh2UeMk
Neural
Communication
Neurotransmitter
molecule
Receptor site on
receiving neuron
Receiving cell
membrane
Agonist mimics
neurotransmitter
Antagonist
blocks
neurotransmitter
The Nervous System
 Nervous System
 the body’s speedy, electrochemical
communication system
 consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral
and central nervous systems
The Nervous System
Nervous
system
Central
(brain and
spinal cord)
Peripheral
Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands)
Skeletal (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
The Nervous System
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
 the brain and spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 the sensory and motor neurons that connect
the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest
of the body
The Nervous System
 Nerves
 neural “cables” containing many axons
 part of the peripheral nervous system
 connect the central nervous system with
muscles, glands, and sense organs
The Nervous System
 Sensory Neurons
 neurons that carry incoming information from
the sense receptors to the central nervous
system
 Interneurons
 CNS neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and
motor outputs
 Motor Neurons
 carry outgoing information from the CNS to
muscles and glands
The Nervous System
 Somatic Nervous System
 the division of the peripheral nervous system
that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
 Autonomic Nervous System
 the part of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the glands and the muscles of the
internal organs (such as the heart)
The Nervous System
 Sympathetic Nervous System
 division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in
stressful situations
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
 division of the autonomic nervous system that
calms the body, conserving its energy
 Reflex
 a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
The Nervous System
Neurons in the brain
connect with one
another to form networks
Inputs
The brain learns by modifying
certain connections in
response to feedback
 Neural Networks
 interconnected neural
cells
 with experience,
networks can learn, as
feedback strengthens
or inhibits connections
Outputs
that produce certain
results
 computer simulations
of neural networks
show analogous
learning
The Brain
 Lesion
 tissue
destruction
 a brain lesion is
a naturally or
experimentally
caused
destruction of
brain tissue
Pop Quiz: Label the Parts
A. _______
B. ______
________
C. _______
The Brain
 Electroencephalogram
 an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that
sweep across the brain’s surface
 these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
 CT (computed tomography) Scan
 a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and
combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice
through the body; also called CAT scan
 PET (positron emission tomography) Scan
 a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive
form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
 a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce
computer-generated images that distinguish among different
types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
The Brain
The Brain
 Brainstem
 the oldest part and central core of the brain,
beginning where the spinal cord swells as it
enters the skull
 responsible for automatic survival functions
 Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
 base of the brainstem
 controls heartbeat and breathing
The Brain
 Reticular Formation
 a nerve network in the brainstem that plays
an important role in controlling arousal
 Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
 the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on
top of the brainstem
 it directs messages to the sensory receiving
areas in the cortex and transmits replies to
the cerebellum and medulla
The Brain
 Cerebellum [sehruh-BELL-um]
 the “little brain”
attached to the
rear of the
brainstem
 it helps coordinate
voluntary
movement and
balance
The Brain
 Limbic System
 a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the
border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
 associated with emotions such as fear and aggression
and drives such as those for food and sex
 includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and
hypothalamus.
 Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]
 two almond-shaped neural clusters that are
components of the limbic system and are linked to
emotion
The Brain
 Hypothalamus
 neural structure lying
below (hypo) the
thalamus; directs several
maintenance activities
 eating
 drinking
 body temperature
 helps govern the
endocrine system via the
pituitary gland
 is linked to emotion
The Limbic System
The Limbic System:
Hippocampus and Amygdala
The Limbic System
 Electrode
implanted in
reward
center
The Cerebral Cortex
 Cerebral Cortex
 the intricate fabric of interconnected
neural cells that covers the cerebral
hemispheres
 the body’s ultimate control and
information processing center
 Glial Cells
 cells in the nervous system that support,
nourish, and protect neurons
Phineas Gage
The Lobes of the Brain
The Cerebral Cortex
 Frontal Lobes
 involved in speaking and muscle movements and in
making plans and judgments
 Parietal Lobes
 include the sensory cortex
 Occipital Lobes
 include the visual areas, which receive visual
information from the opposite visual field
 Temporal Lobes
 include the auditory areas
http://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_meyer
_how_to_spot_a_liar#t-16799
Parts of the Brain
Textbook videos
Damage to Brain Lobes
The Cerebral Cortex
 Motor Cortex
 area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
controls voluntary movements
 Sensory Cortex
 area at the front of the parietal lobes that
registers and processes body sensations
The Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Cortex
 Functional MRI
scan shows the
visual cortex
activated as the
subject looks at
faces
Visual and Auditory
Cortex
Association Areas
 More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or
association areas of the cortex
The Cerebral Cortex
 Aphasia
 impairment of language, usually caused by left
hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area
(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area
(impairing understanding)
 Broca’s Area
 an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech
 Wernicke’s Area
 an area of the left temporal lobe involved in
language comprehension and expression
Broca’s Aphasia
Broca’s Aphasia
Broca and Wernicke
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
5k8JwC1L9_k
Einstein’s Brain
Specialization and
Integration
The following are sample responses
for each brain structure:
 Cerebellum: Coordinates left and
right hand movements on the
steering wheel.
 Medulla: Regulates breathing and
heart rate while we concentrate on
driving.
 Pons: Assists in the coordination
of driving motions and in alertness.
 Reticular formation: Regulates
our alertness or drowsiness as we
drive. Ask students what actions
they take to keep alert at the
wheel (e.g., open windows, play
music, drink caffeinated
beverages).
 Thalamus: Relays visual and
auditory cues to areas of the
cerebrum.
 Hypothalamus: Makes us aware when
we are too hot or too cold (to adjust the
temperature controls), or too hungry,
thirsty, or in need of a restroom stop.
 Amygdala: May be active during "road
rage" (e.g., when another driver
behaves recklessly).
 Hippocampus: Contributes to the
formation of memories of road hazards
for future trips.
 Corpus callosum: Shares sensory and
motor driving information from both
hemispheres.
The following are sample responses
for each brain structure:
 Frontal lobe (Helps us in
planning our routes [e.g., if we
notice a hazard or detour]).
 Motor cortex: Initiates driving
actions (e.g., moves the right foot
to the gas or brake pedals).
 Parietal lobe: Helps us
determine if our car may fit into
a parking space (right parietal
lobe).
 Sensory cortex: Registers the
pressure of the right foot on the gas
pedal or brake. Ask students to
trace the pathway from the right
foot to the sensory cortex.
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex: Processes the
visual road signals (e.g., stop
lights, speed limit signs).
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex: Processes the
sounds of other vehicles (e.g.,
sirens, horns, passing vehicles).
Case Studies
Anne: Landscape Artist
Painting Right Hand / Look out Window / Listening to Music
Neuroanatomical Structure Related function
Left motor cortex
Controls right hand
Left frontal lobe
Contains motor cortex
Visual cortex
Used for vision
Both occipital lobes
Contain visual cortexes
Auditory cortexes
Used for hearing music
Both temporal lobes
Contain auditory cortexes
Right hemisphere
Spatial ability for painting
Thalamus
Relays sensory information
Frontal lobes
Deciding what to paint
Left sensory cortex
Feeling the paintbrush
Left parietal lobe
Contains sensory cortex
Case Studies
Crazy Eddie the Wrestler:
In the Ring / Crowd Yelling - Taunting / Yelling Back/
Out of Breath – Sweating / Pre-Planned Moves
Neuroanatomical structure
Related function
Both motor cortexes
Frontal lobes
Both sensory cortexes
Parietal lobes
Visual cortexes
Both occipital lobes
Right hemisphere
Thalamus
Frontal lobes
Medulla
Amygdala
Move muscles
Contain motor cortexes
Needed for sense of touch
Contain sensory cortexes
Used for vision
Contain visual cortexes
Spatial ability for wrestling
Sensory relay
Decision making and attention
Regulates heart and breathing
Aggression and fear
Case Studies
Jill: the Law Student
Studying for Exam / Violent Rape and Murder / Popcorn and Coffee
Neuroanatomical structure
Related function
Hippocampus
Remembering and learning
Amygdala
Anger and fear about cases
Frontal lobes
Decision making and attention
Hypothalamus
Regulates hunger and thirst
Angular gyrus
Needed for reading
Specialization and
Integration
 Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking
words
Brain Reorganization
 Plasticity
 the brain’s capacity for
modification, as evident in brain
reorganization following damage
(especially in children) and in
experiments on the effects of
experience on brain development
Our Divided Brain
Corpus callosum
 Corpus
Callosum
 large band of
neural fibers
 connects the
two brain
hemispheres
 carries
messages
between the
hemispheres
Our Divided Brain
 The
information
highway from
the eye to the
brain
Split Brain Theory
Split Brain
 a condition in which
the two hemispheres
of the brain are
isolated by cutting
the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the
corpus callosum)
between them
Split Brain
Left Brain / Right Brain
Left Side of the Brain
Right Side of the Brain
• Watch the clock constantly
while in class
• Accused of being analytical
• Organized
• Often cautious
• Follow rules and schedules
• Strong in math and science
• Can answer questions quickly
• Would make great Jeopardy
contestants
• The bell surprises you at the end of
class.
• Accused of being a dreamer
• Can be very intelligent and very
deep thinkers
• Great students of the social sciences
and arts
• Spontaneous
• Likely to follow their own gut
feelings
• Would make great Survivor
contestants
Drawing Exercise: http://www.learn-to-draw-right.com/right-brain-left-brain.html
Left Brain / Right Brain
Drawing Exercise: http://www.learn-to-draw-right.com/right-brain-left-brain.html
Left Brain vs. Right Brain
Split Brain
“What word
did you see?”
or
“Look at the dot.”
Two words separated
by a dot are
momentarily projected.
“Point with
your left
hand to the
word you
saw.”
Disappearing
Southpaws
 The percentage of left-handers decreases sharply in
samples of older people (adapted from Coren, 1993).
Percentage of 14%
left-handedness
12
The percentage of
lefties sharply
declines with age
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Age in years
60
70
80
90
Quiz time
Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked
to pain control are called:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ACh agonists.
dendrites.
morphine antagonists.
endorphins.
glial cells.
Quiz time
An axon transmits messages ________ the
cell body and a dendrite transmits
messages ________ the cell body.
a)
b)
c)
d)
away from; toward
away from; away from
toward; away from
toward; toward
Quiz time
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira
has difficulty walking in a smooth and
coordinated manner. It is most probable that
she has suffered damage to her:
a)
b)
c)
d)
amygdala.
angular gyrus.
cerebellum.
corpus callosum.
Quiz time
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most
directly involved in making plans and
formulating moral judgments?
a)
b)
c)
d)
occipital lobes
frontal lobes
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
Quiz time
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
a)association areas.
b)the spinal cord.
c)the reticular formation.
d)sensory and motor neurons.
Quiz time
Following massive damage to his frontal lobes,
Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated
by:
a.aphasia.
b.memory loss.
c.auditory hallucinations.
d.irritability.
e.a reward deficiency syndrome.
Quiz time
Which part of the body deals with “selfregulating” functions such as heartbeat and
digestion?
Quiz time
Which part of the nervous systems controls
voluntary movements?
Brain Structures and their Functions
The Endocrine System
 Endocrine System
 the body’s “slow”
chemical
communication
system
 a set of glands
that secrete
hormones into the
bloodstream
Neural and Hormonal
Systems
 Hormones
 chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the
endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and
affect another
 Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands
 a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys
 secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the
body in times of stress
 Pituitary Gland
 under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands