Transcript The Nervous System

September 10, 2014
EQ- What is the study of phrenology? How did it factor into the field of psychology?
Agenda:
1. Introduce Unit 3
2. Phrenology Lab
3. Test Corrections on Unit 12 Test
Table of Contents:
26. Units 1-2 Test
27. Unit 3 Intro- Phrenology Lab
Homework:
Finish test corrections, read
pages 51-58.


Biological Bases of Behavior







1800’s
Invented by Franz Gall
Says the shape of our skulls could reveal our mental
abilities and character traits
VERY POPULAR! (not outdated)
Did show up that brain regions have particular functions
Must
have:
o Question #
o Correct Answer (letter and answer)
o Your Answer (letter)
o Page # where discussed in the book
o Question and Answer in a complete
sentence
EQ- What are neurons? How do they
communicate?
Agenda:
1. Neurons Notes
2. Neural
Communication Lab
3. Neurotransmitters
Notes
Table of Contents:
28. Neuron Notes
HW1. Bring in assigned
item.
2. Two paragraphs!
 a nerve cell
 the basic building block of the
nervous system
-40 billion
-many different types of neurons, but
all are composed in the same way.

Glial Cells
 cells in the nervous system that support, nourish,
and protect neurons
 Sensory
Neurons- carry messages from body’s tissues
and sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord
(millions)
 Motor Neurons- deliver messages outward from the
brain and spinal cord to the body’s tissues (Millions)
 Interneurons- internal communication in the brain that
process messages between sensory and motor
neurons (billions)
Are the bushy, branching extensions of a
neuron that receive messages and
conduct impulses toward the cell body.
They receive information from other
nerve cells and send it through the Cell
Body (or soma)to the:
Dendrites LISTEN!

the extension of a neuron, (long fiber)
from the cell body to the branching
terminal fibers, through which messages
are sent to other neurons or to muscles or
glands (senders).
Axons SPEAK!
At
the end of the axon are thousands
of terminal buttons.
 In
the terminal buttons just before the synapse,
are small bubble containers called vesicles.
 Inside the vesicles are thousands of chemical
messengers called neurotransmitters.
 a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons (insulating the axons)
 Speed up the transmission of messages
 Increase up to age 25- peak of efficiency, self-control
and judgment
 Multiple Sclerosis, a disease in which the myelin
sheath degenerates, which results in a slowing of
communication to the muscles and loss of muscle
control.
(means
junction point)
 The space between the axon tip of the
sending neuron and the dendrite of the
receiving neuron
 tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic
gap or cleft
 Neurons work by electricity. Electricity will not
go over a space, so it stops
 Neurotransmitters are released to carry the
message over the gap!
Neural communication refers to how the neurons
relay messages to each other. It is referred to an
electrochemical reaction.
Neurons are surrounded by fluid. At resting potential,
The fluid inside a neuron contains negative
charged atoms, called ions, ( - )
The Fluid located outside the neuron, has positive
charged ions (+).
The neural membrane acts as a guard and only
allows certain ions through the membrane.
The opening of the “gates” is stimulated by our
senses or by chemical signals from neighboring
neurons.

Action Potential
 a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge
that travels down an axon, each tripping the
next (depolarization)
 generated by the movement of positively
charged ions (atoms) in and out of channels
in the axon’s membrane.
 The speed at which an action potential
travels the axon ranges from 2 to 250 mph.
When a neuron fires:
1. First axon bit opens gates and allows
positive ions in  depolarizes that section
THEN
2. Like a domino, it causes the gate of the
next bit to open and depolarize
3. This continues until it reaches the AXON
TERMINAL  neurotrasmitters are released
to help it jump the gap
4. Once it fires, the neuron goes into a
refractory period as it pushes out all of the
positive charged ions and returns to normal
Cell body end
of axon
Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals





Threshold -the level of stimulation required to trigger a
neural impulse (to start the process)
Excitatory Stimulus-signal to send the message (like
pushing the “gas” on a neuron
Inhibitory Stimulus-signal to stop the message (like pushing
the “brakes” on a neuron
Action Potential- the impulse that carries the message down
the axon
Refractory Period- a resting pause, when the neuron pumps
the positively charged ions back outside…then it can fire
again.
 The
neuron’s reaction is an “all or none response.”
Neurons either fire or they don’t. (like a gun)
 Once
it reaches the end of the axon, the message
must continue on to the next neuron.
 Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers
that carry it across the synaptic gap
 Neurotransmitters are released by the vesicles in
axon terminals, they travel the gap and bond to
receptors in the dendrites of the next neuron
 Leftover neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the
sending neuron in a process called reuptake
EQ- How are neurotransmitters linked to disorders?
Agenda:
1. Candy Neuron Lab
2. Review Class Notes from
Tuesday
3. Finish Neurotransmitter
discussion
4. Neurotransmitter
Posters
Table of Contents:
29. Neurotransmitter Poster
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
What is another name for a neuron?
Approximately how many neurons are there in our bodies?
What major system in our body is composed of neurons?
What are the three types of neurons?
Which part of the neuron listens/receives the message from the stimuli or
neighboring neuron?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for protecting the axon and speeding
up the transmission of messages?
Which part of the neuron contains the neurotransmitters which carry the
message across the synaptic gap?
What disease is caused by a degeneration of the myelin sheath?
What do we call the junction point between two neurons?
What are the chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap called?
What is the charge of the fluid inside neurons at resting potential?
What do we call the process by which positive ions enter the neuron and a
neural impulse travels down the axon?
What is the resting period after a neuron has fired called?
What do we call the process by which leftover neurotransmitters are
reabsorbed by the sending neuron?
Which neurotransmitter enables muscle action, learning and memory?

Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] (Ach)
 most common, best understood
 a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle
contraction
 When ACh is released, our muscles contract; when it is
blocked- paralysis
 is involved in memory (a shortage of causes Alzheimer’s
Disease)

Endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
 “morphine within”
 natural, opiate like neurotransmitters
 linked to pain control and to pleasure
 Produce “runner’s high” from vigorous exercise
Dopamine Involved in the control of bodily movements,
learning, attention, & emotion.
 Shortage causes Parkinson’s disease
 Excessive dopamine linked with schizophrenia
Seratonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
 undersupply is linked to depression
Serotonin Pathways
Dopamine Pathways

Some drugs act like artificial neurotransmitters and stop the brain
from making its own
o Ex: Opiates like heroin = extreme discomfort when the drug is taken away

Agonists- drugs that bind to receptors and MIMIC the effect of
neurotransmitters
o Ex: morphine- binds to opiate receptors
o Ex: black widow spider venom- mimics ACh- binds to the receptors and
causes violent muscle contractions

Antagonists- drugs that bind to receptors and BLOCK the
neurotransmitters
o Ex: Botox- blocks ACh receptors and diminishes wrinkles by paralyzing those
muscles
EQ- What are the parts and functions of the human
nervous system?
Agenda:
1. Bell WorkNeuron
Metaphors
2. The Nervous
System Notes
3. Ups and Downs
of the Nervous
System
4. Nervous System
Graphic
Table of Contents:
30. Neuron Metaphors
31. Nervous System Notes
32. Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Lab
33. Nervous System Graphic Organizer
Homework:
Finish your nervous system graphic
organizer and study for Neurons and
Nervous System Quiz. (on Wednesday)
On a piece of scratch paper,
write one sentence about
something you experienced
that was either REALLY
stressful or REALLY scary. Be
Honest.

that carry information throughout the nervous system:

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
 neurons that carry incoming information from the
sense receptors to the brain & spinal cord (CNS)
Interneurons
 CNS neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and motor
outputs
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
 carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles
and glands


Nervous system
Peripheral
Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands)
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Central
(brain and spinal cord)
Somatic or Skeletal (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Parasympathetic
(calming)

Nervous System
 the body’s speedy, electrochemical
communication system
 consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral
and central nervous systems

Central Nervous System (CNS)
 the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 the sensory and motor neurons that connect the
central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the
body
The sensory & motor axons carrying the
PNS information are bundled into
electrical cables called:

Nerves
 neural “cables” containing many axons
 part of the peripheral nervous system
 connect the central nervous system with
muscles, glands, and sense organs

Somatic Nervous System
 the division of the
peripheral nervous
system that controls the
body’s skeletal muscles,
composed of sensory &
motor nerves.
 Controls our voluntary
movements & reflexes.
Autonomic Nervous System
 the
autonomic control system of the body
o Controls glands and the muscles of
internal organs
(ex: breathing, heartbeat & digestion)
 It
sometimes can be overridden by the
brain.
 It is a dual system composed of:
o Sympathetic Nervous System
o Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous
System
 “Fight or Flight”
 division of the autonomic
nervous system that
arouses the body,
 mobilizing its energy in
stressful situations
 slows digestion, raises
blood sugar & pressure,
heart rate, dilates eyes.
 Prepare the body for action

Parasympathetic
Nervous System
 division of the
autonomic nervous
system that calms the
body, conserving its
energy
 It decreases your
heartbeat, lowers your
blood sugar and
pressure.
These two systems work
together to keep us in
balance.
The sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems work
together as an opponent process
system- they balance each other out
to keep us in homeostasis.

Reflex
 a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
Brain
Sensory neuron
(incoming information)
Muscle
Skin
receptors
Motor neuron
(outgoing
information)
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Neurons in the brain
connect with one
another to form networks
Inputs

Neural Networks
 interconnected neural
Outputs
The brain learns by modifying
certain connections in
response to feedback
cells
 with experience, networks
can learn, as feedback
strengthens or inhibits
connections that produce
certain results
 computer simulations of
neural networks show
analogous learning
 Which
nervous system is involved in
allowing you to shoot a basketball,
smell freshly baked bread, and push
the keys on a piano?
Somatic Nervous System
 The
digestion of last night’s dinner is
most directly controlled by which
nervous system?
Autonomic
 The
voluntary command Zelda uses to
raise her hand in class would travel
through which nervous system from
the spinal cord to the muscles that
control movement?
Somatic
 When
a man grabbed Zoe’s purse, she
ran after him, tackled him, and retrieved
her purse. Then she realized that her
heart was racing, her breathing was
irregular, and she was trembling.
Which of Zoe’s nervous systems was
responsible for this reaction?
Sympathetic
You woke up late for your big job
interview! You are running and your heart
is beating fast!
 Which nervous system governs your
running?
Somatic
 Which nervous system governs your heart
rate?

Autonomic (Sympathetic)

Zeon had a long, difficult day at school.
As he sits down on the sofa, his heart rate
and breathing slow down, his muscles
relax, and his digestive system starts
getting ready for food. Which of Zeon’s
nervous systems has been activated?
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Lab
In pairs. Person with the earliest birthday is A, later birthday
is B!
The Nervous System Graphic Organizer
Your task:
Create a graphic organizer for the human
nervous system. You organizer must include:
• The divisions of the nervous system (CNS,
PNS, Autonomic, Somatic, Sympathetic,
Parasympathetic)
• A description of the main function for each
and an example of activity for each
• A color picture to represent each
September 24, 2014
Agenda:
1.Review the
Nervous System
• Ups and Downs
• Collect HW
2. Neurons and
Nervous System Quiz
3. The Endocrine
System
EQ- What is the function of the body’s
endocrine system?
Table of Contents:
34. Ups and Downs of the
Nervous System
35. The Endocrine System
Notes
36. Who am I?
Homework:
Answer questions 1-15 on
page 65; Read and take
notes on pages 66-68; FRQ
The Endocrine System
• Second communication system in the body
• Interconnected with the nervous system and also
controlled by the brain
• The endocrine system secretes hormones into the
bloodstream
• Hormones: chemical messengers that act similar to
neurotransmitters and affect our body’s tissues
(including the brain) They influence our interest in sex,
food, and aggression.
• It is SLOWER than the nervous system
Parts of the Endocrine System
Endocrine
System
Nervous
System
•Slower
•Messages last
longer
•Communication
through hormones
•Faster
•Communication
through
neurotransmitters
• Communication systems
• Produce molecules that act on receptors in the body

Pituitary Gland
 small bean shaped unit, located in base of the brain
 under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary:
1. regulates growth
2. controls other endocrine glands
o Nicknamed the “Master Gland”

The Thyroid Gland
o -the pituitary gland signals the thyroid,
Endocrine
System Video
its job is to control metabolism.
o -It is located inside the neck and looks like a bow tie.
o

Adrenal Glands
 a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys
 secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
(nonadrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress
FRQ 3A
If you stub your toe, how does the impulse travel through your
nervous system allowing you to pull your toe back and jump up
and down in pain? Explain how this process occurs (including the
process of neural transmission) using the following terms in
context:
Sensory Neuron
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Action potential
Myelin Sheath
Neurotransmitter
Synapse
September 30
EQ- What are the basic functions of the major parts of the brain?
Agenda:
1. Review pgs 66-68
(ways of studying
the brain)
2. Parts of the Brain
• Notes and
Diagram
• Chart and
Mnemonic Video
Table of Contents:
37. The Brain Diagram and
Notes
38. Video- Brain Parts Chart
39. The Brain Reading
Questions
Homework: Use the text (6673) to answer questions 1-17.
Accidents
Lesions
CAT
Scan
PET Scan
MRI
Functional MRI
Phineas Gage Story
 Personality changed
after the accident.
What this this tell us?
 That different part
of the brain control
different aspects of
who we are.


Removal or destruction of
some part of the brain.
Frontal Lobotomy
Clinical Observation
Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders.
Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases
are now being catalogued.
Tom Landers/ Boston Globe
 EEG
 Detects
brain waves
through their electrical
output.
 Shows brain wave
activity
 Used mainly in sleep
research.
 CAT
Scan
 3D X-Ray of the
brain.
 Good for tumor
locating, but
tells us nothing
about function.
 PET
Scan
 Measures how much of a chemical the brain is using
(usually glucose consumption).
 Shows more detailed activity- active parts light up
 MRI
 More
detailed picture
of brain using
magnetic field to
knock electrons off
axis.
 Shows brain anatomy
 Takes many still
pictures and turns
images into a movie
like production.
MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) uses magnetic fields
and radio waves to produce
computer-generated images
that distinguish among
different types of brain tissue.
Top images show ventricular
enlargement in a
schizophrenic patient. Bottom
image shows brain regions
when a participants lies.
Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH
James Salzano/ Salzano Photo
Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
Combination of PET and MRI
 Allows for pictures to be taken wile certain
activities are performed

Basic Structures of
the Brain
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
Cerebral
Cortex (part
or forebrain)
 Structures
on top of our spinal cord.
 Controls basic biological structures.
The brain in
purple makes up
the hindbrain.


Begins where the spinal
cord swells after entering
the skull
Responsible for vital
survival functions
Located
just
above the spinal
cord.
Involved in control
of
blood pressure
heart rate
breathing.
 Located
just above
the medulla.
 Connects hindbrain
with midbrain and
forebrain.
 Involved in facial
expressions.
 Also involved in
relaxation and sleep
Bottom
rear of the brain.
Baseball sized
Means “little brain”
Coordinates fine muscle
movements, balance and
coordination
Alcohol targets the cerebellum. This is why
drunk people are often clumsy and uncoordinated.
 Coordinates
simple
movements with sensory
information.
 Most important structure
in Midbrain is the
Reticular Formation:
controls arousal and
ability to focus our
attention.
If Destroyed
If stimulated
 What
makes us
human.
 Largest part of the
brain.
 Made up of the
Thalamus, Limbic
System and Cerebral
Cortex.
 “Sensory
Switchboard” of the
brain.
 Receives sensory signals from
the spinal cord and sends them
to other parts of the
forebrain.
 Every sense except smell.
The Limbic System
Linked to:
• Memory
• Emotion
• Basic
Motives
Controls and regulates
 Body temperature
 Sexual Arousal
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Endocrine System
 Pleasure/reward center of
The most powerful structure in the brain.
the brain
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo)
the thalamus. It directs several
maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern
the endocrine system via the
pituitary gland.
Ex: Person thinks about sex (cortex)
this stimulates the hypothalamus
which triggers the pituitary gland to
make the endocrine system release
the sex hormones that cause the
sexual response for arousal
Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the
reward (hypothalamus) center
Involved
in the
processing and
storage of
memories.
Emotion
centerespecially
volatile
emotions like
anger and fear
The emotion of anger has not changed much
throughout evolution.
Part
Cerebral Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Pons
Cerebellum
Reticular Formation
Medulla
Function
How we remember it

EQ- What are the important functions and divisions of the
cerebral cortex?
Agenda:
1. Review Brain parts
2. Notes on Brain
Parts
3. Brain Labs
4. Brain Review
Activities
HW1. Finish your brain review activity.
2. Finish the reading notes.
3. Study for 3B quiz. (Wednesday)
Table of Contents:
40. Brain Notes
41. Brain Notes Cont.
42. Brain Labs
43. Brain Review Activities
Covering of the brain
 Called the “thinking crown”
 Made up of densely packed
neurons we call “gray matter”
 Glial Cells: support brain
cells- “worker bees” that take
care of neurons
 Wrinkles are called fissures.
 If you lay brain out it would
be as big as the surface of
your desk

Keep track of your a’s and b’s!
Divided into to hemispheres.
 Contralateral control: right
controls left and vice versa.
In general,
Left Hemisphere: logic and
sequential tasks, math,
language
Right Hemisphere: spatial and
creative tasks, art,
imagination, feeling
Partner 1- counter
Partner 2- participant
Partner 1- count the taps of the participant as they complete each task.
Partner 2- begin by counting your right index finger as fast as you can for 15
seconds. (trial1) Then, tap your right index finger as fast as you can for 15
seconds while reciting the alphabet backwards. (What happens to the
speed of your taps?)
Then, try the same thing, but using the left index finger.
The tapping is much slower when you are tapping and reciting with your right index
finger because both of these are controlled by your left hemisphere. This is not a
problem when you tap with your left index finger because the tapping is then
handled by your right hemisphere and the thinking by the left.
The Cerebral Cortex is made up of
four Lobes.



Abstract thought and emotional control.
Contains Motor Cortex: sends signals to
our body controlling muscle movements.
Executive Control center of our braindecision making, problem solving,
planning
 Contain
Sensory Cortex: receives incoming
touch sensations from rest of the body.
 The more sensitive the area is, the more
surface area of our cortex is devoted to it
 Why we kiss with our lips and not our toes!
Motor and Sensory Cortexes



The greater the area of your cortex devoted to body part,
the more sensitive that area will be to touch.
Partner 1-participant
Partner 2- tapper
Partner 1- close your eyes and extend your right hand, for each
tap, identify how many fingers your partner is touching you
with.
Partner 2- vary your touches between 1-4 fingers
Do the same thing of their backs.
Where did they get it right more?


Deals with vision.
Contains Visual Cortex:
interprets messages from
our eyes into images we
can understand.
 Process
sound sensed by our ears.
 Interpreted in Auditory Cortex.
 Opposite lobe
 Schizophrenic patients while
hallucinations: temporal lobe activity
the same as for a “real” sound




Any area not associated with receiving sensory information
or coordinating muscle movements.
Found in all lobes = ¾ of our cortex
Parietal AA- enable math and spatial reasoning
Temporal AA- recognize faces



Handled in the left
hemisphere for 96% of
right handed people and
70% of left handed
people
Includes speaking,
reading, writing, singing…
Aphasia- impaired use of
language

Broca’s Area- in the frontal lobewhat makes us able to say words
o Broca’s Aphasia- can’t form words,
very slow speech, simple sentences

Wernicke’s Area- in temporal lobeallows us to piece together
meaningful words
o Wernicke’s Aphasia- people speak in
a meaningless jumble, and may not
understand speech of others

Angular Gyrus- enables us to read
out loud
Specialization and Integration in Language
Brain Activity when Hearing, Seeing, and
Speaking Words
October 6
Agenda:
1.Collect/Review HW
2.Brain Case Studies
3.Finish Brain notes
4.Videos
5.3B- The Brain
review questions
EQ- How does the brain recovery from
surgery or injury?
Table of Contents:
44. Brain Case Studies
45. Girl Living with Half a Brain
46. The Brain Review Questions
HW- Finish the Brain Review
Questions and Study for Quiz!
 Anne,
the landscape artist, is standing at her easel,
painting with her right hand as she looks out the
window at her garden. She's listening to classical
music as she paints.
 Crazy Eddie, the professional wrestler, is in the ring
wrestling. The crowd is yelling and his opponent is
taunting him. Eddie yells back at his opponent. The
two of them are out of breath and sweating profusely.
They continue their well-orchestrated series of
wrestling moves.
 Jill is a law student studying for her exam. She is
reading about violent rape and murder cases. She is
snacking on popcorn and drinking coffee.
Neuroanatomy structure
Left motor cortex
Left frontal lobe
Visual cortex
Both occipital lobes
Auditory cortexes
Both temporal lobes
Right hemisphere
Thalamus
Frontal lobes
Left sensory cortex
Left parietal lobe
Cerebellum
Related function
Controls right hand
Contains motor cortex
Used for vision
Contain visual cortexes
Used for hearing music
Contain auditory cortexes
Spatial ability for painting
Relays sensory information
Deciding what to paint
Feeling the paintbrush
Contains sensory cortex
Coordinates moving arm
Both motor cortexes
Frontal lobes
Both sensory cortexes
Parietal lobes
Visual cortexes
Both occipital lobes
Right hemisphere
Wernicke’s area
Left temporal lobe
Broca’s area
Left frontal lobe
Thalamus
Frontal lobes
Medulla
Amygdala
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Move muscles
Contain motor cortexes
Needed for sense of touch
Contain sensory cortexes
Used for vision
Contain visual cortexes
Spatial ability for wrestling
Understanding taunts and yells
Contains Wernicke’s area
Producing speech (yells)
Contains Broca’s area
Sensory relay
Decision making and attention
Regulates heart and breathing
Aggression and fear
Controls arousal
Balance and coordination
Regulates temperature
Memory for moves
Hippocampus
Wernicke’s area
Left temporal lobe
Amygdala
Frontal lobes
Hypothalamus
Angular gyrus
Remembering and learning
Language comprehension
Contains Wernicke’s area
Anger and fear about cases
Decision making and attention
Regulates hunger and thirst
Needed for reading


The idea that the brain,
when damaged, will
attempt to find news ways
to reroute messages.
Children’s brains are more
plastic than adults.
Divides the 2
hemispheres.
Those who dues to epilepsy, have their corpus
callosum removed.
Testing the Divided Brain

http://appsychology.com/HowPass/MC%20quizes/The%20
Brain/the_brain.htm
EQ- What is the role of nature and nurture in human
behavior? (3C)
Agenda:
1. Brain Review Quiz
2. Nature v Nurture Notes
and Video
Table of Contents:
47. 3B Quiz
48. Nature v Nurture Notes
Homework: Read and take notes on 3C. Create study
tool (flashcards, notes page, etc) for unit 3. The unit 3
test will be next Thursday!
• One of the big Psychology questions: are we born the
way we are or are we shaped by our environment
• Twin Studies- an attempt to understand the role that
our genes play in making us who we are/the way we
are; even better: separated twins studies (100%
genetic clone, different environments)
• Adoption Studies- an attempt to understand the role
that our environment plays in making us who we
are/the way we are (same environment but different
genes)
• An alarming amount of “us” is from our genes
• Ex: Jim and Jim Twins
• Anorexic twins
• Similarities in separated identical twins: tastes, physical attributes,
personality, abilities, attitudes, interests, fears, goals, risk taking
• Adoptive children have nothing more similar to their non-biological
siblings than they do to the average stranger (traits are tied to their
biological parents over their adoptive parents) BUT adoptive
parents have a huge impact on attitudes, values, manners, faith
and politics AND adoptive families are statistically less likely to
have child abuse, neglect and divorce
• But, with behavior, that just tells us whether we are predetermined
to have some traits, it takes the environment interacting with those
genes to express the trait
October 14
EQ- How were lobotomies carried out? What brain functions were they
based on?
Agenda:
1.Review/Discuss
HW and Field
Trip
2.The Lobotomist
3.Review Activities
for test
Table of Contents:
49. The Lobotomist Questions
50. Unit 3 Study Guide
Homework:
Unit 3- Biological Psychology- test on Thursday!
The Neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminal
branches, synapse, action potential, threshold, neurotransmitters
(acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin, etc)
endorphins, agonist, antagonist)
The Nervous System (Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System,
Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, Sympathetic
Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, reflex, neural
networks)
The Endocrine System (hormones, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal
glands)
Methods of Studying the Brain (lesions, MRI, PET, EEG, CAT, fMRI)
The Brainstem (medulla, reticular formation), pons, thalamus, cerebellum
The Limbic System (amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus)
The Cerebral Cortex (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital
lobe), motor cortex, sensory cortex, association areas)
Language and the Brain (aphasia, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area)
Brain Hemispheres and Organization (corpus callosum, split brain studies,
hemispheric specialization)