Transcript Chapter 3 Part 2 - Doral Academy Preparatory

Chapter 3 Part 2
The Biological Bases of Behavior
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Studying the Brain: Research
Methods





Electroencephalography (EEG)
Damage studies/lesioning
Electrical stimulation (ESB)
Transcortical Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Brain imaging –
– computerized tomography – CT
– positron emission tomography - PET
– magnetic resonance imaging – MRI
– functional magnetic resonance imaging – fMRI
Table of Contents
Figure 3-10 – Electroencephalography (EEG)
Table of Contents
XXX 3.13
Table of Contents
Figure 3.14 – PET scan
Figure 3.15 – MRI and fMRI scans
Table of Contents
Positron Emission Tomography – PET
scan
Table of Contents
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI
Table of Contents
Functional MRI images showing reduced
activation of language areas during a
linguistic task in patients with schizophrenia
Table of Contents
Functional MRI images
Table of Contents
Brain Regions and Functions

Hindbrain – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Midbrain – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections,
reticular activating system

Forebrain – emotion, complex thought – thalamus,
hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
The Cerebrum: Two Hemispheres,
Four Lobes



Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected
by the corpus collosum
– Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech,
reading, writing, sequential
– Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial,
musical, visual recognition, parallel
Four Lobes:
– Occipital – vision
– Parietal – somatosensory – phantom limb - V. S.
Ramachandran - Phantoms in the Brain
– Temporal - auditory
– Frontal – movement, executive control systems
Primary functions and associated functions
– Language – Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas – loss of
language – aphasia
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Figure 3.19 – The cerebral cortex in humans
Table of Contents
Figure 3.20 – Primary motor cortex with homunculus
Table of Contents
Mirror Neurons

An area just forward of the primary motor cortex is where
“mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in
the mid-1990s.
– May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills,
• the imitation of others,
• the ability to feel empathy for others,
• and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may
underlie the social deficits seen in autistic
disorders.
Table of Contents
The Plasticity of the Brain

The brain is more “plastic” or malleable than widely
assumed
– Aspects of experience can sculpt features of brain
structure
– Damage to incoming sensory pathways or tissue can lead
to neural reorganization

Jill Bolte Taylor, Ph.D. – My Stroke of Insight – a
neuroscientist story of her stroke and recovery

Adult brain can generate new neurons – neurogenesis
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Figure 3.22 – Visual input with split-brain – Roger Sperry and others
Figure 3.23 – Split-brain research
Table of Contents