Transcript Foundations File

FOUNDATIONS
Pedro Amarante Andrade, PhD
LCSC06
BIOSCIENCES
FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPY
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READING FOR THESE SESSIONS
Chapter 1 Seikel et al (2005)
Chapter 1 & 2 in Atkinson & McHanwell (2002)
Chapter 1 in Tortora et al (any edition)
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TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMY
Spend time learning the terminology as the
module progresses
Greek/Latin =
root of many of
the terms used in
anatomy
especially
Learn this
terminology, learn
how to spell and use
it confidently as it is
part of your
professional
language
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HOMEOSTASIS
…the state of
relative
stability of the
body’s internal
environment
Totora 2008 pg 1
Central theme of
physiology
E.g.: Oxygen, CO2,
Hydrogen, blood
pressure, ph,
temperature,
electrolyte level,
glucose, fluid levels…
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HOMEOSTASIS
Equilibrium
Input
Output
Reflex loops
= Wellness
= Illness or
pathology
Integration
centre
(Brain)
(Efferent path)
Sensor
Effectors
(Afferent path)
(response)
Stimulus
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HOMEOSTASIS
NaCl
NaCl
Fluid
NaCl
Fluid
Fluid
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
Rainer Zenz, Wikicommons
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK = more
unusual
They enhance the original
stimulus
Examples include oxytocin in
childbirth, and platelet release in
blood clotting
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK =
majority of
homeostatic
mechanisms are
controlled
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
OR LOOP
After a meal,
blood sugar
(glucose) rises
Blood sugar
levels stabilise
Glucose removed
from blood
stream
Insulin released
More glucose
transported into
cells
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FINDING YOUR WAY AROUND THE
HUMAN BODY
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REGIONAL NAMES
OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web
site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/
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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Key point: all
discussion of
direction
assume the
anatomical
position
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BODY PLANES & DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Wikipedia. Public domain. Source not defined
Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of
Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762
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STUDENT ACTIVITY
Using appropriate anatomical terminology describe the
relative positions of the following pairs of structures:
1) Heart and diaphragm;
2) Thalamus and cerebellum
3) Oropharynx and left parotid gland
4) Cerebellum and cerebrum
5) Left cochlea and mandibule
A frontal or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into
anterior and posterior portions.
What does a sagittal plane do?
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NAME A STRUCTURES/ORGANS THAT ARE FOUND IN A
_______ POSITION IN RELATION TO ANOTHER ORGAN
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
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NAME THE STRUCTURES/ORGANS
THAT ARE FOUND IN:
The thoracic cavity
The cranial cavity
The abdominal
The pericardial
cavity
cavity
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BASED ON YOUR DIRECTED STUDY,
ANSWER THESE QUIZ QUESTIONS:
What is meant
by
‘SURFACE
ANATOMY’?
True or false:
the study of
comparative anatomy
involves comparing
one part of the body
with another.
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THE HUMAN BODY
CONSTRUCT
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LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
Body
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
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MEASUREMENT/SIZE
10-3m millimeter [mm]
1 m/1000
10-6m micrometer [µm]
1 m/1000000
40µm = thickness of a piece of paper
0.00004 m
1µm = diameter of a smoke particle
-
10-9m nanometer [nm]
100nm = diameter of a small virus
7nm = diameter of a haemoglobin
molecule
1 m/1000000000
0.0000001 m
0.000000007 m
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THE ANIMAL CELL
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL
Surrounded by a membrane
Contains:
Cytoplasm
contains organelles:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell
Mitochondria
Rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Tissue
Organs
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ANIMAL CELL
“Cells
are,
in
elements
that
•Chemical
Nucleotides
Nucleic
H20 - 75%of
the
essence,
bags
acids99% of
form
theof
cell:
of
each
cell
• weight
Amino
acids

Proteins
chemicals
in
an
Carbon
• aqueous
Fatty acidssolution

Hydrogen
Released via:
(Triglycerides &
from their
Nitrogen
•separated
Evaporation
Phospholipids)  ATP
a cell
Oxygen
Dilution ofbytoxic
• •neighbours
Sugars
membrane”
Phosphorus
products (kidneys)
Sulphur
Atkinson & McHanwell, 2002. pg. 9
Cell
Tissue
Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web
site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.
Author: OpenStax College
Organs
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CROSS-SECTION OF AN ANIMAL CELL
Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web
site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.
Author: OpenStax College
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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ANIMAL CELL
ENERGY PRODUCTION
DIFFUSION
OSMOLARITY
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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NERVE CELL
Synapse Web, Kristen M. Harris,
PI,http://synapses.clm.utexas.edu/ Author: Dr
Kristen M. Harris
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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NERVE CELL
Different kinds of
neurons:
1. Unipolar neuron
2. Bipolar Neuron
3. Multipolar neuron
4. Pseudounipolar
neuron
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Author: Jonathan Haas
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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NERVE CELL
Dendrites
Cell body
Telodendria
Axon
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Author: Jonathan Haas
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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NERVE CELL
Myelin
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Author: BruceBlaus
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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PURKINJE CELL
• Largest neuron cells in the
human body;
• Purkinje layer in the
cerebellum;
• Intricate dendritic arbor;
• Aligned in series;
• Send inhibitory projections
to the deep cerebellar nuclei
(motor coordination)
Wikipedia. Cell Centered Database, National Center for Microscopy and
Imaging Research, University of California
Microscopy product ID: 3
Project leader: Maryann Martone. Experimenters: Andrea Thor & Diana Price
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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STICKING CELLS TOGETHER
Tight junctions:
(like zip lock on
freezer bags)
Anchoring junctions: fasten cells to
one another or the extracellular
material –common in tissue that is
subject to STRETCH e.g. outer layer
of skin, heart muscle, neck of uterus.
Desmosome is most common type.
Gap junctions: between nerve cells and target
organ e.g. heart, GI tract.
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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THE SIZE OF THE GAP: 2-3 nm
7nm = diameter
of a haemoglobin
molecule
1nm =
1/1,000,000,000m
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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Test your knowledge:
LYSOSOMES AND THE CYTOSKELTON
Find out what are the functions of these
in the cell
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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RED BLOOD CELLs OR
ERYTHROCYTEs
Q: how many of these
are produced in your
body PER SECOND?
Q: How many per cubic
millimetre of blood?
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TISSUES
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TISSUES
Body tissues
are used to
form larger,
more
complex
structures
e.g. organs
Cell
Each
type
is
comprised
of
cells, and the
specific type of
cell depends on
their location and
function within
the body
FOUR
MAIN
TYPES
Tissue
Organs
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TISSUES
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Skin, lining of
Areolar,
Smooth,
Neurons
fibrous,
cardiac,
+
and digestive
cartilage,
striated
tract, lining of
glia
blood and
the
respiratory
heart and
blood vessels
bone
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TISSUES
Epithelial
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
Can be ciliated or
not
Basilar
Membrane
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
license. Author: OpenStax College
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
Stratified
squamous
Wikicommons. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
license. Author: Samir@enwiki
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
Ciliated
Wikicommons. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
Author: BioMed Central, Todd Straus and Vladimir Osipov
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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TISSUES
Connective
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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BONE TISSUE
Wikipedia. U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology
and End Results (SEER) Program
Author: SEER
Wikipedia. Author: Darshani Kansara
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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CARTILAGES
Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.
Author: OpenStax College
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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MUSCLE TISSUE
Striated
Involuntary
Striated
Voluntary
Involuntary
Nonstriated
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
Cell
Tissue
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TISSUE AGGREGATES
You should study them
Organs
Fascia
Ligaments
Tendons
Bones
Joints
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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Organs
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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ORGANS
E.g. Brain,
heart, lungs,
stomach, liver,
e.t.c
Aggregates of tissue with functional
unity
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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What is the largest organ of the
human body?
What is its function?
Cell
Tissue
Organs
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SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS
Q1: A negative feedback
loop reinforces/reverses
the original stimulus
(delete incorrect answer)
Q2:What type of cartilage
forms the costal cartilage
of ribs, the larynx, the
trachea and bronchial
passageways?
Q3: What types of epithelia
are found lining the various
parts of the respiratory system
and vocal tract? What is the
function of each in its
particular location?
Q4: What is meant by
homeostasis?
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BEFORE NEXT SESSION
Familiarise yourself with the:
software
Go through the PowerPoint and
attempt to answer the study
questions
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