Transcript Missing Items: aggressive, World War I

World War II
1931-1945
I. Background
-The conditions in the 1930s were basically those laid down by the ________ peace
conference of 1919 following the bitter fighting of World War I.
-In the 1930s neither Germany, Italy, Japan, nor the U.S.S.R. was content with
these conditions; they were ____________ powers; and the first three were willing
to undertake war itself to make a _____________.
-Great Britain, France, and the United States were _________ powers.
-They had written a treaty in 1919 which a dozen years later they were unwilling to
___________.
-They stood by, as long as they could, while the dissatisfied powers
___________________ the terms agreed to at the Paris peace conference.
(Missing Items: tore to pieces, satisfied, Paris, dissatisfied, enforce, change.
I. Continued…
-From the beginning of Japanese aggression in ________ to the outbreak of
European war in ______________, force was used by those who wished to upset
international order.
-A new world war was therefore launched by nations that had never _____ the
outcome of the last one.
-Hitler, Mussolini, and Japanese dictators were gaining ______________ around
the world while the British, French, and Russians attempted to stop them.
-America under the leadership of FDR _________ began maneuvering politically
and economically in preparation for what FDR saw as an inevitable conflict.
-For example, small amounts of __________________, and in 1933 he officially
recognized the communist government of ___________.
(Missing: 1939, 1931, accepted, slowly, power, aid were given to Britain, Russia)
I. Continued…
-As the 1940s approached people all over were living on the ______ of world war.
(Missing Item: verge)
I. Continued…
-By 1941 Italy had acquired…
A) Ethiopia (1935):
B) Albania (1939):
C) Greece (1940)
I. Continued…
-By 1941 Germany had acquired…
A) ____ (1936): B) ____ (1938): C) ____ (1939):
D) ____ (1939):
I. Continued…
-By 1942 Japan had
acquired…
1931
-Korea
-Manchuria
1937
-Beijing/E. China
-Shanghai
1938
-Nan king
1941
-Hong Kong
1942
-French Indo-China
-British Malaya
-Philippines
-Singapore
II. Causes and Origins of WWII
-WWII had many causes and different beginning points throughout the world.
Commonly held general causes for WWII are the rise of ________________ and
___________________, and the presence of unresolved territorial issues.
-Specific causes include the following:
1) In Asia, Japan's desire to become a world power and the rise of militarist
leadership in the 1930s led to conflicts first with China and later the United States.
Japan sought to secure additional _______________________, such as oil and iron
ore, due to the lack of natural resources on Japan's own home islands. Furthermore,
a tension had built up between the ___________________ and Japan, as each felt
that the other was opposed to its economic and political interests which led Japan to
finally resort to war.
(Missing Items: militarism, nationalism, natural resources, United States)
II. Continued…
2) In Europe, the Treaty of Versailles ending ________was widely perceived in
Germany to be unjust, and this resentment fueled the success of the militarist Nazi
Party; meanwhile the treaty's provisions were laxly enforced, causing it to fail in its
purpose of preventing the creation of a heavily-armed and
____________________________________ Germany.
(Missing Items: aggressive, World War I)
II. Continued…
3) The League of Nations also failed in its mission of preventing ________, due to
the refusal of its member nations to back the League with force. Closely related is
the failure of the British and French policy of __________________________,
which gave Hitler time to re-arm.
(Missing Items: appeasement, war)
II. Continued…
4) Lastly, the Great Depression and economic suffering of the 1930s is blamed for
the success of the Nazi Party gaining power in Germany. German people looked to
Nazis to solve their social and economic ____________________.
(Missing Items: issues/problems)
II. Continued…
Specific Causes of WWII and the Origins of War in Europe include:
1) Economic hard times.
2) Hatred of the Treaty of Versailles.
Greatly punished Germany (Guilt Clause)
Forced Germany to pay reparations
Broke Germany apart territorially
Disarmed and limited the size of Germany’s military
3) The Rise of the Nazi Party
Hitler’s promises included…
Seeking revenge
Retrieving lost land
Creating new jobs
Rebuilding the German military
Creating a new German image
Finding those responsible for Germany’s problems
II. Continued…
-Who were the Nazi’s?
Adolph Hitler
Heinrich Himmler
Joseph Goebbels
II. Continued…
What was their symbol? Swastika
What were their beliefs?
Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”)
Pursuing a master race.
Demanded additional lebensraum
(“Living space”)
Citizenship by race
Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews
Elimination of anyone who objected
How did they enforce their policies?
SS: Personal Body Guard
Gestapo: Local Police
Hitler Youth: Boy/Girl Organizations
II. Continued…
-After arising to power Hitler quickly began to, at first, __________________ the
Treaty of Versailles and eventually openly defy the treaty.
-Britain and France, who were more concerned with the growing Soviet Union,
chose to sit back and let German expansion occur. They were said to have followed
a policy of ________________________________________.
Appeasement: Giving in to an aggressor’s demands in the hope of ending their
aggression.
Munich Conference (Munich Pact):
Hitler said “I have no more territorial demands to make in Europe.”
Chamberlain said, “Hitler is a man who can be relied upon when he has given his
word.”
Chamberlain later said, “I believe that it is peace for our time.”
Hitler soon after acquired more territory in blatant violation of his agreement.
II. Continued…
-Besides Germany and the Nazis there were many other issues of concern for the
continent of Europe and the _____________________________ at large.
These issues included:
1) The rise of Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)…
2) The rise of Mussolini (Italy)……………………………..
3) “Non-Aggression Pact” (1939)
-Germany and Russia…………
II. Continued…
4) “Tripartite Pact” (1940)
-Germany, Italy, Japan
5) In addition on the other side of the planet
Japanese Emperor Hirohito had become subservient
to Japanese General Tojo.
II. Continued…
-In spite of all the threats to human life,
international peace, and security not enough had
occurred to thrust Europe as a whole into a state of
_____________.
-All would quickly change though with Germany’s
decision to invade Poland. Events surrounding the
invasion of Poland become the
“____________________” event signifying the
beginning of war on the continent.
-In addition the world saw in Poland a snapshot of
the terror that would eventually afflict all of the
people of _______________________.
(Missing Items: Europe, war, trigger)
II. Continued…
Blitzkrieg: A revolutionary style of warfare perfected by the Germans that utilized
ground troops, air power, and tanks in unison for maximum shock and destruction.
II. Continued…
-Following Poland the eyes of the world turned to the skies over _________ in
what became known as the Battle of _______________(1940).
Battle of Britain:
RAF: (Royal Air Force)
Winston Churchill: (Leader of Britain)
(Missing Items: England, Britain)
II. Continued…
-Over the course of the first few months and years of the war Hitler made many
___________________ that would come back to haunt him and slow the German
war machine.
Hitler’s Mistakes:
1) Targeting civilians rather than
RAF airfields.
2) Operation Barbarossa. Invading
Russia.
II. Continued…
-The ______________ throughout these events was watching with a close eye from
the sidelines.
-Politically our stance was one of ___________.
-FDR’s concern about protecting international security and democracy however,
were being ______________.
-He was growing angry with Hitler and the Nazis and the mistreatment of the
“American-like” peoples of Europe.
-Most Americans (____% - 1941 Gallup Poll) though, still wanted FDR and the
United States military to stay out of the war.
-FDR could not pretend to be “neutral” forever. He eventually convinced Congress
to give more aid to the Allies. He believed the U.S. had to become “the great
arsenal of ________________.”
-Soon after going public with this opinion he began to ___________ American
foreign involvement.
(Missing Items: tested, U.S., neutrality, increase, 71%,
democracy)
II. Continued…
-Cash and Carry (1939):
-Lend-Lease Act (1940):
-Aid to China:
Nationalists/Guomindang: Chiang Kai-Shek
Communists: Mao Zedong
AVG (Flying Tigers):
-In the end FDR was in favor of what he called “collective security” meaning he
wanted a system of maintaining peace by having the entire international
community agree to stop military aggression by any nation.
III. America Enters
-WWII was a __________ war in an even greater sense than WWI, with battles
occurring in different “theaters” and on different “fronts”.
-The war required enormous coordination of millions people and endless stockpiles
of _________________.
-If the Allies hoped to defeat their Axis foes, Allied military strategists had to stay
focused on the “big picture” and keep in mind many smaller ____________ would
have to be met, and many individuals sacrificed, along the way.
-While the immediate objective was to _____ the war, FDR and Churchill were
working from the start planning to shape the postwar peace.
-Months before the war, FDR and Churchill shared their vision of what the
________ would be like after war.
(Missing Items: world, global, objectives, resources, win)
III. Continued…
-Atlantic Charter:
III. Continued…
-Atlantic Charter:
-In brief, the eight points were:
1. No territorial gains were to be sought by the US/UK.
2. Territorial adjustments must be in accordance with
the wishes of the people concerned.
3.All peoples had a right to self-determination.
4.Trade barriers were to be lowered.
5.There was to be global economic cooperation and
advancement of social welfare.
6. Freedom from want and fear
7. Freedom of the seas.
8. Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common
disarmament.
III. Continued…
-In addition to the __________FDR was making his case for war to the American
people by warning them that if the U.S. did not play a role in determining who won
we would face threats to our basic way of life.
-In a speech to Congress in early ______, FDR spoke of the “four essential human
freedoms.”
-As the war in Europe unfolded, tensions between the United States and Japan
increased in the Pacific. By 1940 every Japanese naval cadet graduating from
Japan’s Imperial Naval School had to answer the question, how do we destroy the
__________________________, for their final exam.
-The Japanese soon took matters into their own hands. Hoping to knock out the
United States Pacific Fleet before an all-out military conflict could begin; Japan
launched a _____________ attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.
(Missing Items: surprise, charter, 1941, United States)
III. Continued…
-Pearl Harbor: Deadly surprise Japanese attack on
American Pacific Navel Fleet
-Whatever the motive, Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor
was a _______ miscalculation.
-Historians have related it to awaking a sleeping ________.
-This time, the U.S. was better prepared to fight in Europe than they had been in
World War ____.
-The ______________ of soldiers had already begun in 1940.
-At the same time, the demand for war supplies and weapons helped bring to an
end the_____________________.
(Missing Items: Great Depression, bad, I, giant,
drafting)
Pearl Harbor: Japanese forces surprise attack American battleships.
Battleship row represented virtually all American naval strength in the
Pacific. Here a Japanese torpedo plane drops its payload on the U.S.S.
Arizona. Over 1,000 Americans would lose their lives aboard this ship.
III. Continued…
-Theatres, Fronts, Axis, Allies, Generals: See alternative power point
-The Allies were in deep trouble by the time the United States entered the war in
______.
-The Allies found themselves on the _______________ on virtually every front.
-Soon after Pearl Harbor, FDR and Churchill decided that they would concentrate
on defeating ______________ and its European supporters first.
-Only after the Nazis had been defeated would they devote full attention to the
___________ Theatre.
-Before any plans could be drafted and put into action though, the American
______________________ had to be mobilized and prepared for war.
(Missing Items: home front, 1941, defensive, Germany, Pacific)
III. Continued…
-The Home Front:
-Rosie the Riveter
III. Continued…
-The Home Front:
Article: Aero Acres
See alternative power point:
The American Home front
III. Continued…
-Liberty Convoys: Video
IV. The European Theatre
-The situation was _______________ in Europe and North Africa in 1941.
-German _____________ had extended Germany’s control across Europe.
-England had survived the Battle of Britain, barely
-Suspicious of Soviet intent in Eastern Europe Hitler attacked ________ in 1941 in
what was known as Operation Barbarossa.
-In North Africa, the German army was equally successful having nearly drove the
Allies off the continent of _____________.
(Missing Items: blitzkrieg, desperate, Africa, Russia)
IV. Continued…
-The situation began to change toward the
end of _________ though.
-By 1942 the Soviets were mobilizing in the East and
American forces were successfully fighting in the
deserts of North _____________.
-Despite early German victories on the ___________
front, the Soviets were helped when Hitler repeated
the same mistake made by other leaders who tried to
conquer the Soviet Union.
-German troops had advanced into the
Soviet Union far beyond their country’s
ability to supply them, as a result they were
not properly equipped to deal with the harsh
Russian ___________________ and many
simply froze to death.
(Missing Items: 1942, Africa, eastern, winter)
Stalingrad: Enormous Russian Victory
Stalingrad: Dead/Surrendering Germans
IV. Continued…
-In late 1943 due to Allied victory in North Africa, and the successful invasion of southern Europe,
___________________ surrendered.
-With dwindling ___________ of German soldiers and increasing numbers of Soviets, Germany was
forced to retreat all along the eastern front. In Leningrad for example, the Russian army broke a ____
day siege.
-The Soviet Union, which was fighting alone on the eastern front, desperately wanted other allied
nations to open up a __________________ front in Western Europe.
-Churchill, due to a disastrous failed invasion of Europe in 1942, was determined not to launch a
frontal invasion until he felt Germany was likely to fall, bitterness over this _____________
decision would always be remembered and affect U.S.-Soviet elations in the post war period.
(Missing Items: Second, Italy, numbers, 900, strategic)
Dieppe (August 1942): First failed invasion of Northern Europe.
-What was learned at Dieppe?
-The Germans are strong and to defeat them it will take a lot of planning.
IV. Continued…
-By June of 1944, the Allies were ready to tighten the noose on __________.
-Churchill, FDR and Stalin met together and agreed to an invasion across the
___________________.
-The invasion seemed more possible because allied bombing raids since _____ had
hampered German defenses.
-In the air campaign over European skies the U.S. ________ more soldiers than in
any other area of combat during WWII.
-The heavy losses of U.S. airmen were due to questionable tactics, lack of airplane
technology, and intense German resistance. In spite of the losses because all allied
forces were trapped mostly on the island nation of England, the allies continued to
use bombing raids to weaken Germany’s military and industrial might. The air war
would remain __________________ for many years.
Memphis Belle: First allied airplane/crew to survive 25 missions against Germany.
(Missing Items: Germany, English Channel, lost, controversial)
IV. Continued…
-Memphis Belle:
IV. Continued…
-Memphis Belle:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
-Nicolas Alkemade story:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-Schweinfurt/Dresden:
IV. Continued…
-As the air war raged on it became inevitable to everyone (including Germany) that
an invasion of Western Europe was coming. Where? When? How? No one knew,
but it was coming surely.
-To prepare, in 1940, the Germans had began building a series of coastal
fortifications.
-These fortifications became known as the “_______________”.
-With the help of air power the allies embarked upon a “Great Crusade” in an
attempt to smash the wall and prove Hitler __________.
(Missing Items: wrong, Atlantic Wall)
Atlantic Wall: German
fortifications protecting
mainland Europe from
possible Allied invasion. The
wall consisted of manned and
gunned concrete forts,
bunkers, pillboxes, trenches. It
consisted of minefields,
antitank ditches, boat traps,
hedgehogs, barb wire, cliffs,
machine guns, shale zones,
etc.
The Invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944):
Costly but successful allied amphibious assault
of the German Atlantic Wall.
“Okay, let’s go”
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
“Okay, let’s go”
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
In the end…
Casualties were high…but
We were on the map…
Many Americans learned
that the price of victory was
high, and freedom was not
free
IV. Continued…
-In the course of the first week, following the
landing, the allies placed 330,000 soldiers, more
than 50,000 vehicles, and 100,000 tons of
supplies on the French coast.
-By the end of July more than a million soldiers
had landed in France. Thanks to the efforts of
average citizens and good plans Operation
_____________________ succeeded.
-Air power helped too. FDR later said, “Hitler
built an Atlantic Wall, but forgot to put a roof on
it.”
-In spite of fierce resistance the French capital of
Paris was liberated on August 25th, 1944. The
Germans by late 1944 were now in retreat
heading back to Germany where they planned to
make a _______________________ defending
their cause and homeland.
(Missing Items:
Overlord, final stand)
IV. Continued…
-In a last ditch attempt to prevent allied victory in
Western Europe the Germans launched a surprise
counterattack in _____________________ and
Luxembourg in December 1944, called the Battle
of the Bulge.
-The German attack successfully created a large
“bulge” in the Allied front lines thus giving the
battle its name.
-When it sputtered out after one month, the way
into Germany seemed open.
-As allied bombers continued to hammer major
German cities, the Soviets pushed into Germany
from the east, while American forces crossed the
___________ River and drove in from the west.
(Missing Items: Rhine, Belgium)
IV. Continued…Bridge at Remagen
-First captured bridge leading into Germany.
“Were
almost
done!”
IV. Continued…Bridge at Remagen
-On April 16th, 1945, the Soviets began to bombard ___________________.
-Nearly half a million Russian soldiers soon surrounded ________.
-Realizing he was trapped in a bunker, Hitler and many of his followers committed
suicide on April 30, 1945.
-Germany would eventually surrender soon after on May 8th, 1945 (___________)
ending the war in Europe.
-Now the United States and
its allies could turn their
full attention toward the
empire of ______.
(Missing Items: Berlin,
Hitler’s bunker, VE-Day,
Japan)
IV. Continued…
-Victory in Europe was bitter sweet for the United States though.
-On April 12th, 1945 FDR suddenly and unexpectedly died of a brain aneurysm.
-America was shocked. Their longtime leader, the person who led them through
the darkest of days was gone.
-He was quickly replaced by Harry S. Truman.
V. The Pacific Theatre…
-Conditions for the allies were not much better in the Pacific early in the war.
-The attack on Pearl Harbor had destroyed much of the American fleet, although
not its______________________.
-Japan already controlled a large part of eastern and southern Asia.
-After years of fighting, China had been worn down.
-India, a British colony, was threatened from the east, and Australia, part of the
British Commonwealth (empire), was expecting a Japanese invasion soon.
V. The Pacific Theatre…
-After Pearl Harbor, Japan managed to successfully conquer the Pacific islands of
Guam and Wake, the British colony of Hong Kong, and a major British naval base
at Singapore, just south of the Malay Peninsula.
-In the spring of 1942, Japanese forces defeated Filipino and American troops in
the Philippines and drove General Douglas Macarthur from the islands.
-After the defeat on March 10, 1942, Macarthur promised the Filipinos and
American soldiers taken prisoner that, “_________________.”
-He then evacuated the island. Many would never see him again; those who
would would have to wait several years before reunification and they would not be
the same ______________________.
(Missing Items: I shall return, people)
V. Continued…
Corregidor (May 1942):
Bataan Death March:
V. Continued…
-Fighting in the Pacific Theatre against the Japanese was very different from
fighting against the Germans in Europe.
-The Japanese from the get go took a ___________________ approach in so doing
killing, murdering, torturing, and brutalizing their enemies.
-The Rape of China (1937):
-Estimates indicate around 30 million died.
-The “Hidden Holocaust”
V. Continued…
-Life was of little value in the Pacific during WWII. There was an element of
racism in Japan’s behavior, because they believed that other races were inferior.
-In addition Japanese military leader’s brainwashed and treated their soldiers with
extreme brutality often forcing them to commit unimaginable acts of violence for
the sake of building bushido (“warrior spirit”).
-Japanese soldiers were taught that…
-Surrender was not honorable.
-Hari Kari: Ritual suicide
-Absolute, unhesitating, unthinking, blind obedience was your essential duty as a
soldier of the Emperor.
-Banzai: Suicide charge
-Kamakazi: Suicide pilot
V. Continued…
-In the end, cultural and human differences between Japanese and Americans
caused a different kind of war to be fought in the Pacific.
-One marine said, “They ain’t people.”
V. Continued…
-To the Japanese people, Americans were devils and less than human too. Posters
in classrooms told students to “kill the American animal.” A Japanese magazine
spoke of “the breath and body
odor of the beast…the American enemy,
driven by its ambition to conquer the world.”
-In the Pacific many things contributed to
the recipe for disaster. Extreme ideology,
arrogance, and ignorance led to savage
fighting that took a heavy toll on all people
and nations involved.
V. Continued…
-As fighting wore on there were glimmers of hope. The situation began to improve
toward the end of 1942.
Japanese leaders wanted to finish off the American fleet at Midway, near Hawaii,
in an attempt to destroy the aircraft carriers that the Pearl Harbor attack has
missed.
V. Continued…
-Before the attack on Midway, the Japanese intended to secure their position
around Australia by landing forces on New Guinea. The U.S. however, had broken
the Japanese military secret code, so American officials were aware of this
strategy.
-After breaking the code, in May 1942, in the Battle of the Coral Sea, U.S. planes
severely crippled the Japanese southern fleet which slowed the Japanese drive to
Australia.
-Americans again intercepted Japanese codes and were prepared for an attack
against Midway on June 4, 1942.
-Even so, the battle did not go so well for the American forces at first.
-It was a bit of sheer luck that finally favored the Americans. Early in the morning,
when the Japanese believed they had seen the last of the American fighter planes
and were refueling for a final attack on the island, a group of lost dive-bombers
found their targets. In the end all 4 major Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed.
-Midway would mark the last Japanese offensive operation of the war.
V. Continued…
-Torpedo Squadron 8:
-Famous group of American naval aviators who courageously lost their lives in an attempt to destroy
Japanese forces at Midway. In doing so they distracted Japanese defenses and allowed dive bombers
from above to destroy all Japanese aircraft carriers at Midway.
V. Continued…
-At this point, the allies took the offensive in the Pacific.
-The first victory came on the island of Guadalcanal, just north of Australia, in
February 1943.
-From Guadalcanal, American forces would begin their costly strategy of “island
hopping” moving north through the Pacific by selectively attacking a few Japanese
held islands, their final objective being the Japanese home islands.
V. Continued…
-The last two major battles in the Pacific were
fought on the small islands of Iwo Jima and
Okinawa. The Japanese defended them fiercely,
and both sides suffered heavy casualties before
the allies eventually prevailed.
-As U.S. marines and soldiers moved closer and
closer to the Japanese home islands Japanese
resistance continued to be fierce and in many
cases grew fiercer and became more fanatical.
-To combat this resistance and minimize US
losses the Army Air Force began a massive
bombing campaign against the Japanese. It was
similar to what had occurred in Europe but
much more destructive and costly in terms of
human life.
-In the Pacific skies the US was
forced to use a “total war” strategy.
V. Continued…
-Iwo Jima: Costly American victory
V. Continued…
-Okinawa: Largest & costliest American victory against Japan in the Pacific
V. Continued…
-In spite of continual bombing raids, thousands of civilian casualties, and the complete
destruction of thousands of homes, factories, and harbors the Japanese leadership refused to
give up.
-Many Japanese officials wanted to prepare the entire country for one grand last stand
against the invading Americans.
-American war planners knew of this and began looking for alternative ways to end the war
more quickly.
-In the end though, if an alternative way could not be found our military was prepping for
another D-Day like invasion.
Manhattan Project: Secret program
designed to build a super bomb, an
atomic bomb perhaps capable of
ending the war against Japan quickly.
Manhattan Project: Laboratories
V. Continued…
-The overall American invasion plan was called “Downfall”.
-A War Department report concluded that “defeating Japan would cost the Japanese 1 to 3
million people and the United States between 2 and 4 million.
-Luckily for humanity the invasion never occurred.
-As an alternative to a nightmarish invasion scenario US strategists turned to science and
technology for a quick less costly way out of WWII.
-Working over many years, and using resources from around the world, US planners in
1945 finally had made a breakthrough and believed they had discovered the weapon that
would bring peace quickly.
-In one grand final show of strength and might the United States dropped two atomic
bombs on Japan. The first was dropped on August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima and the second
three days later on Nagasaki.
Hiroshima: The Day After
V. Continued…
-When faced with the possibility of complete and utter devastation Japanese leaders finally
agreed to meet and discuss surrender. To encourage acceptance Truman ordered the
continuation of bombing raids on Japan.
-Soon after, most Japanese officials agreed to American surrender terms.
V. Continued…
-This angered some Japanese leaders though who then in retaliation tried to assassinate the
emperor unsuccessfully. On August 14, 1945, Macarthur was appointed Supreme
Commander and plans were made for the occupation of Japan and a formal surrender time
and place. On August 30, 1945 American troops went ashore and had finally reached the
heart of Japan. The formal surrender ceremony was held on September 2 (VJ Day) on the
battleship Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay.
-World War II was over, but the final reckoning was just beginning.