Transcript Regents Biology CELLS

Cells
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
AIM: What are cells, why are
they important and how do
thy do what they do?
CELLS:
ARE THEY
IMPORTANT!?
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The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…

“breathe”
 gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out

eat
 take in & digest food

make energy
 ATP

ATP
build molecules (Synthesis)
 proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids




remove wastes (Excretion)
control internal conditions (Homeostasis)
respond to external environment
build more cells (Reproduction)
 growth, repair, reproduction & development
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Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made
2.
3.
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up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit
of structure and function
of all living things.
All cells arise from
previously existing cells.
Organelles: (means “little organs”)
 Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do
 keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like
mini-organs!
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Model Animal Cell
HISTORY OF THE CELL:
 The study of cells is called cytology.
 Robert Hooke was the first scientist


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to use the word cell after observing
cork cells in 1665!
Robert Brown discovered the
nucleus in 1833.
Theodor Schwann discovered that
animals were made of cells in
1838.
What instrument led to the
development of the cell
theory?
*Microscope*
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Regents Question
It was once thought that decaying meat
turned into maggots (fly larvae). Careful
experimentation by scientists
demonstrated that maggots actually come
from fly eggs and not meat. These
experiments illustrate that new individuals
result only from
(1) reproduction and development
(2) genetic engineering
(3) nutrition and replication
(4) metabolic homeostasis
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Regents Answer
(1) reproduction and development
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Regents Question
In a cell, all organelles work together to
carry out
1)diffusion
2)active transport
3)information storage
4)metabolic processes
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Hint: Which one is
necessary for life???
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(4) metabolic processes
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Bacterial cells
Types of
cells
Prokaryotes
VS.
Eukaryotes
animal
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plant cells
Cell size comparison
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
most prokaryotes
(bacteria)
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
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 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Cell Types
Prokaryotic:
• Does not contain a
nucleus or other
membrane bound
organelles.
• One circular
chromosome
• Found only in the
Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria
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Kingdoms
Eukaryotic:
• Contains a nucleus
and other membrane
bound organelles.
• Rod shaped
chromosomes
• Found in all
kingdoms except the
Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria
Eukaryotic Example
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Prokaryotic Examples
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Bacteria
Types of Organisms
1. One celled organisms (unicellular)
are able to carry on all of the life functions.
Amoeba
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Paramecium
3. Multicellular Organisms
 Can consist of hundreds of
thousands of cells that must be
specialized to carry out specific
functions (Differentiation).
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Regents Question
Which statement best compares a multicellular organism
to a single-celled organism?
(1) A multicellular organism has organ systems that
interact to carry out life functions, while a single-celled
organism carries out life functions without using organ
systems.
(2) A single-celled organism carries out fewer life
functions than each cell of a multicellular organism.
(3) A multicellular organism always obtains energy
through a process that is different from that used by a
single-celled organism.
(4) The cell of a single-celled organism is always much
larger than an individual cell of a multicellular
organism.
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Regents Answer
(1) A multicellular organism has organ systems
that interact to carry out life functions, while
a single-celled organism carries out life functions
without using organ systems.
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Aim: How are living things organized?
HW: Organization of an organ
system worksheet
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Do Now: Working with
the person next to you,
describe how a writer
builds a book, starting
with one letter!
How are stories built?
• Letters
•
Words
• Sentences
• Paragraph
• Pages
• Chapters
• Stories
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Why study cells?

bodies are made up of cells
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Levels of Organization
1. Cell – the basic unit of
structure and function.
The Building Blocks of
Life!

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In most multicellular
organisms, cells
become specialized
(differentiation).
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Levels of Organization
2. Tissue –
a group of
cells that
are
structurally
similar and
perform
the same
function.
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3. Organ – a group of tissues that work
together to perform a specific function
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4. Organ System – a group of organs
working together to perform a specific
function
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Levels of Organization




CELLS GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM TISSUES
TISSUES GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM ORGANS
ORGANS GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE AN
ORGANISM
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Regents Question
The levels of organization for structure and
function in the human body from least complex
to most complex are
1) systems → organs → tissues → cells
2) cells → organs → tissues → systems
3) tissues → systems → cells → organs
4) cells → tissues → organs → systems
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Regents Answer
4) cells → tissues → organs → systems
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WITH YOUR “FRIEND”:
1. Make an analogy of the organization of
organisms to anything you want.
2. Explain your analogy by drawing a picture,
writing a story using the various levels of
organization for names of characters, or making
up a song, poem, rhyme, or rap.
****Be sure to
include all of the
following words:
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• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism
Example:
 A computer: like an organism
 All portions of the computer that work together
to type words makeup one of the organ
systems. It is comprised of the keyboard, the
processor that puts the letters on the screen,
font and size selection, etc
 The keyboard: like one organ in the system
 Function keys, letter keys, number keys: all like
different tissues within the organ
 The s key: like a cell within the letter keys
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Biology
tissue
Exit ticket:
 On a half of a piece
of paper (share with
a friend to conserve),
write:
 1. 2 things you
learned today
 2. A question you
have after today’s
lesson
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Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
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chloroplast
The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need energy for all activities
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy

Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them

make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
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1. Cells need power!
 Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
 take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
 make ATP
 remove waste

organelles that do this work…
 cell membrane
 lysosomes
 vacuoles & vesicles
 mitochondria
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Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell

 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure

double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules
 proteins
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lipid “tail”
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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Vacuoles & vesicles
 Function
moving material
around cell
 storage

small food
particle
 Structure

membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vesicle
vesicle filled w/
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digested nutrients
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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 Function
Lysosomes

digest food
 used to make energy

clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
 Structure

lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
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membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
A Job for Lysosomes
6 weeks
15 weeks
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Mitochondria
 Function

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
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ATP
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

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build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
2. Cells need workers = proteins!
 Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
 read genes (DNA)
 build proteins
 structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
 enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
 signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work…




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nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
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proteins
cells
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structure
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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Ribosomes
 Function


protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ribosomes
build proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome
builds them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins

smooth ER
 makes membranes
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
works on proteins
makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
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transport vesicles
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
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nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
3. Cells need to make more cells!
 Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
 copy their DNA
 make extra organelles
 divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells

organelles that do this
work…
 nucleus
 centrioles
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Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
centrioles
cell division
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
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That’s my
cellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010
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