Transcript PowerPoint

Human Exploration of Space
Vergeltungswaffen 1 (V-1)
Weapon
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The V-1 was an early design of a
cruise missile.
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It was rather slow and susceptible to
anti-aircraft guns.
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It ran of an early jet-type engine,
which pulsed thrust rather than todays
continuous thrust jets.
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The V-2 provided the
Vergeltungswaffen Weapon series
with many benefits including range
and speed.
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By the end of the war 4,261 V-1's had
been destroyed in flight by the Allied
Forces.
Vergeltungswaffen 2 (V-2 Rocket)
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Rockets have obviously been used in
fireworks for thousands of years by the
Chinese and other countries.
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The modern development of the rocket was
researched by Wernher Magnus Maximilian,
Freiherr Von Braun.
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First successful launch was on the 3rd
October 1942
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The rocket reached a height of 80 km before
shutting off its engine.
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The combustion burner reached a
temperature of 2500–2700 °C
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The V-2 was launched from Germany
containing 2,500lb bombs to Southern
England during World War II
A V-2 launched from a fixed
site in summer 1943
Operation Paperclip
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The operation was to recruit the
scientists of Nazi Germany for
employment by the United States in
the aftermath of World War II (1939–
45).
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One purpose of Operation Paperclip
was to deny German scientific
knowledge and expertise to the USSR
and the UK.
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This operation was also one of the
factors that sparked the Soviet–
American Cold War (1945–91).
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Another Operation, similar to
Operation Paperclip, was Project
Safehaven. This Project addressed the
concern that German scientists might
immigrate and continue their research
in countries such as Spain, Argentina
or Egypt, all of which had sympathized
with Nazi Germany.
104 rocket scientists at
Fort Bliss, Texas.
A group of scientists
captured by the
Soviet Union and
forced to work.
Continuation with research of the
V-2
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Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s
and parts were captured and
shipped to the United States, and
126 of the principal designers,
including Wernher von Braun were
in American hands.
Von Braun, his brother Magnus von
Braun, and seven others decided to
surrender to the United States
military (Operation Paperclip) to
ensure they were not captured by
the advancing Soviets or shot dead
by the Nazis to prevent their
capture.
The V-2 and it's liquid oxygen type
fuel heavily influenced Americas
later designs.
US test of a V-2 Rocket
The first photo
from space
was taken from
a V-2 launched
by US
scientists on
October 24,
1946
The Space Race
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First Artificial Satellite
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Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be
put into Earth's orbit. It was launched into an
elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union
on 4 October 1957.
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Apart from its value as a technological first,
Sputnik also helped to identify the upper
atmospheric layer's density, through
measuring the satellite's orbital changes.
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Pressurized nitrogen in the satellite's body
provided the first opportunity for meteoroid
detection. If a meteoroid penetrated the
satellite's outer hull, it would be detected by
the temperature data sent back to Earth
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It also provided data on radio-signal
distribution in the ionosphere.
The Space Race
First Human in Space
Vostok
Displayed at
Ostankino
•On
12 April 1961, the Soviet Union also won the race with the
United States to get a human into space, Yuri Gagarin was launched
into orbit around the Earth on Vostok 1.
•Medical
science at that time did not know what would happen to a
human in the weightlessness of space.
•Vostok
1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry
over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at
7,000 metres (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute.
•When
the flight was publicly announced, it was celebrated around
the world as a great triumph, not just for the Soviet Union, but for the
world itself, though it once again shocked and embarrassed the
United States.
The first
human to
travel into
orbit, Yuri
Gagarin,
launched in
1961
The Space Race
Declaring the Moon Race
•On
20 April 1961, about one week after Gagarin's
flight, American President John F. Kennedy sent a
memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking
him to look into the state of America's space
program, and into programs that could offer NASA
the opportunity to catch up.
•Johnson
recommended that a piloted moon
landing was far enough in the future that it was
likely that the United States could achieve it first.
Kennedy Announcing "we
will put a man on the moon"
•His
justification for the Moon Race, was that it was
both vital to national security and it would focus the
nation's energies in other scientific and social
fields.
The Space Race
Project Gemini
•In
January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member
spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight
technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of
sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back.
•Although
Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first
flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod,
which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in
piloted spaceflight.
•Some
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significant firsts Project Gemini Achieved include:
On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong
achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft
and an Agena target vehicle.
Image of Gemini 12 lifting off
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On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin spent over
five hours working comfortably during three EVA sessions, finally
proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their
spacecraft.
The Space Race
Apollo 11 - First Trip to the Moon
•1969
saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it
after the flight of Apollo 8. Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon
program was in deep trouble.
•The Apollo
11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong,
command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP)
Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
•The
lunar trip took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and
Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and began their
descent. After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took
over manual-flight-control at about 180 metres (590 ft).
•At
10:56:15 p.m. EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the
Moon.
•Neil Armstrong's
first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were,
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined
him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.
American Buzz Aldrin
during the first moonwalk
in 1969
Following Trips to the Moon
Total Number of Manned Lunar Missions:
The Mars Rovers
Summary
•A Mars
rover is an automated motor vehicle which
propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars after
landing.
•Rovers
have several advantages over stationary
landers: they examine more territory, they can be
directed to interesting features, they can place
themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months
and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform
very remote robotic vehicle control.
•There
have been three successful Mars rovers, all of
which were robotically operated. The Jet Propulsion
Laboratory managed the Mars Pathfinder mission with
its Sojourner rover and currently manages the Mars
Exploration Rover mission with its two rovers, Spirit and
Opportunity, for NASA’s Office of Space Science,
Washington, DC.
Rovers that have arrived on Mars
no longer in Operation
Six rovers have been sent to Mars:
•Mars
2, Prop-M rover, 1971, failed
•Mars
3, Prop-M rover, 1971, failed.
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The Prop-M rovers were to move on skis while connected to the landers
with cables. The Mars 2 rover crashed into the Martian surface. The
Mars 3 rover failed less than a minute after landing and never moved.
Spirt Rover made by the
United States.
•Sojourner
rover, Mars Pathfinder, landed successfully on July 4, 1997.
Communications were lost on September 27, 1997.
•Spirit
(MER-A), Mars Exploration Rover, landed successfully on January 4, 2004.
Nearly 6 years after the original mission limit, Spirit had covered a total distance of
7.73 km (4.80 mi) but its wheels were trapped in sand. Around January 26, 2010,
NASA admitted defeat in its efforts to free the rover and stated that it would now
function as a stationary science platform. Since March 22, 2010 there has been no
communication from the rover.
Prop-M rover made by
the USSR.
Opportunity Rover
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Opportunity, MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B), is
a robotic rover on the planet Mars, active since 2004.
It is the remaining rover in NASA's ongoing Mars
Exploration Rover Mission.
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Launched from Earth on 7 July 2003, it landed on the
Martian Meridiani Planum on 25 January 2004 at
05:05 Ground UTC (about 13:15 local time), three
weeks after its twin Spirit (MER-A) touched down on
the other side of the planet.
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The objectives of the Opportunity rover include the
search for and characterisation of a variety of rocks
and soils that hold clues to past water activity.
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Opportunity has continued to function effectively 30
times longer than its planned 90-sol mission, aided
by solar cell cleaning events, and it continues to
perform extensive geological analysis of Martian
rocks and planetary surface features. Its twin, the
Spirit rover, became immobile in 2009 and in 2010
ceased communications.
Future Rover: The Curiosity
Rover
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The Curiosity Rover was launched November 26,
2011, at 10:02 EST and is scheduled to land on
Mars at Gale Crater between August 6 and 20,
2012.
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Its primary mission objective is to determine
whether Mars is or has ever been an environment
able to support life but it will not look for any life
itself. It is also intended to analyze samples
scooped up from the soil and drilled from rocks.
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Curiosity has two means of communication – an Xband transmitter and receiver that can
communicate directly with Earth, and a UHF
Electra (radio)-lite software-defined radio for
communicating with Mars orbiters.
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Communication with orbiters is expected to
be the main contributor to data return to
Earth, since the orbiters have both more
power and larger antennas than the lander.