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2001 -- A letter containing anthrax spores is
mailed to NBC one week after the
September 11 terrorist attacks on the
Pentagon and World Trade Center. It was
the first of a number of incidents around the
country. In Florida, a man dies after inhaling
anthrax at the offices of American Media Inc.
1 What is Anthrax?

Anthrax is blamed for several devastating
plagues that killed both humans and
livestock. Soon after scientists learned more
about it in the late 1800s, it emerged in
World War I as a biological weapon.
1 . What is anthrax?
Morphology
-----observation under microscope
 Culture
------observation of colonies

Morphology
-----Observation under microscope
1-1.2um in width 3-5 um in length
 Gram positive
 Sporeforming rod
 Squared ends
 Endospore: ellipsoidal shaped centrally

Morphology
-----Observation under microscope
Endospore
(resistant to staining)
Squared ends
Culture
----Observation of colonies

aerobic
Optimal condition: 37 C
PH: 7.2-7.4
Blood plate
 Common plate
 Nutrient broth

Observation of colonies



Diameter:2-4mm
Colour:grayishwhite
Rough colony :
irregular, curving
outgrowths from the
margin.
Colony of anthrax
Observation of colony
Incresed CO2 tension to 5%
•Enhance production of poly -D-glutamyl capsule
Mucoid colony type(thick capsule)
Pathogenicity of B.Anthracis
 Disease

Pathogenicity of B.Anthracis
Poly-D-glutamyl capsule
important
Anthrax toxin
Polysaccharide of bacterium
Antigen of spore
Poly-D-glutamyl capsule
All virulent strains
of B.Anthracis form
this capsule
anti-phagocytosis
capsule
Anthrax Toxin
Consist of 3 components :
 EF(edema factor)
A fragment
LF(lethal factor)
 PA(protective antigen)

(toxicity)
B fragment
(non-toxicity,binding
receptor)
Anthrax Toxin

There are 3 active combing forms:
EF+PA
LF+PA
EF+LF+PA
EF+LF inactive
Disease
multiply at the site of the lesion
get into the circulation
systemic pathology
Cutaneous anthrax :Less lethal forms
include cutaneous infections, which occur
if anthrax spores come in contact with a
cut or other opening in the skin
 Pulmonary anthrax: If inhaled, anthrax
spores can germinate and lead to infection
within one to 60 days. This is pulmonary
anthrax, which usually causes death.
 Gastrointestinal anthrax :Another form of
anthrax develops in the intestine of those
who eat improperly cooked meat of
animals that have been infected with
anthrax

Cutaneous Anthrax
Epilogue



Naturally seldom get Anthrax from animals
No chance from person to person transmation
Treatment : antibiotics eg.penicillin
Anthrax as a biological weapon?
Use your knowledge to
conquer the disease ,but
not to destroy our life !
制作人员
刘雯敏 高敏 赵世春 李晓川 程超 李艳霞
 曹昱琨 姜宁 李鹏 李山峰 聂磊

PA+EF
edema
 EF: inherent adenylate cyclase

suceptic


EF+PA
PA+LF
lethal activity
LF:Zn dependent protease that can include
cytokine production in macrophage and
lymphocyte
MAPKK mitogen-activated protein kinase

disrupt cellular signal

PA+LF+EF
edema,necrosis,lethal
Both the function of PA+EF and PA+LF
 Others to neutrophil:
 EF+LF engulfment of bacteria
susceptibility to infection

Skin anthrax
 Less
lethal forms include
cutaneous infections, which occur if
anthrax spores come in contact
with a cut or other opening in the
skin
Pulmonary anthrax

If inhaled, anthrax
spores can germinate
and lead to infection
within one to 60 days.
This is pulmonary
anthrax, which usually
causes death.
肺炭疽胸片
intestinal anthrax

Another form of anthrax develops in the
intestine of those who eat improperly
cooked meat of animals that have been
infected with anthrax

1876 -- Robert Koch confirms bacterial origin of anthrax

1880 -- First successful immunization of livestock against
anthrax .

1915 -- German agents in the United States believed to have
injected horses, mules, and cattle with anthrax on their way to
Europe during World War I

1937 -- Japan starts biological warfare program in Manchuria,
including tests involving anthrax

1942 -- United Kingdom experiments with anthrax at Gruinard
Island off the coast of Scotland. It was only recently
decontaminated.

1943 -- United States begins developing anthrax weapons

1945 -- Anthrax outbreak in Iran kills 1 million sheep