Transcript Plant and Animal Cells

Smallest unit capable of all life functions
Unicellular Organisms
Entire organism is made up of one single cell
Bacteria and protists
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Multicellular Organisms
The organism is made up of many
cells
Cells have specialized functions
within the organism
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All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of
between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called
organelles. These organelles have special functions that
maintain all the life processes of the cell, including:
 Intake of nutrients
 movement
 Growth
 Response to stimuli
 Exchange of gases
 Waste removal
 Reproduction
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nucleus
Plant Cell
chromatin
nucleolus rough endoplasmic
reticulum
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
ribosomes
(small brown dots)
central vacuole
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
chloroplast
cell membrane
cell wall
wall of adjacent cell
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Animal Cell
Vacuole
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Nucleus
 Brain of the cell
 Office of the factory
 Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making
PROTEINS and other important
molecules
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Nuclear membrane
 Surrounds nucleus
 Made of 2 membranes
 Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
 How do we get messages, instructions and
blueprints out of the office?
 Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by
using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and
other molecules
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Inside the nucleus we
see…
 Contain a granular material called…
 CHROMATIN
 Chromatin= DNA + protein
 Usually spread out in nucleus
 During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this….
 CHROMOSOMES
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Chromosomes
 Threadlike structures that contain genetic
information that is passed on from one
generation to the next
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Nucleolus
 Small dense region inside the nucleus
 Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…
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Ribosomes
 Most important function of cell is…
 Making proteins
 Proteins regulate a zillion different things
 Like…
 Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes
 Ribosomes are small particles of protein &
RNA (what’s RNA?)
 They follow instructions from the nucleus to
make proteins…follow the orders from the
“head haunchos” in the main office
 Scattered throughout the cell
 They are like little factories
 If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how
many ribosomes are you going to have?
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Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
 Internal membrane system
 The site where the lipid components of
the cell membrane are assembled, along
with proteins and other materials
exported from the cell
 2 types
 Smooth ER
 Rough ER
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Rough ER
 Involved in protein making (synthesis)
 So what are we going to see on it?
 ribosomes
 Once a protein is made, it leaves the
ribosome and goes into the Rough ER
 The rough ER then modifies the protein
 All proteins that are exported by the cell
are made on the RER
 Membrane proteins are made on the
RER too
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Smooth ER
 NO ribosomes on it
 Looks smooth
 Contains collections of ENZYMES that have
specialized tasks
 What do enzymes do?
 Tasks include:
 Synthesis of membrane lipids
 Detoxification of drugs
 Liver cells
 Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a
lot of?
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Golgi Apparatus
 Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi
 Once proteins are done being “modified” in the
RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus
 Looks like a stack of pancakes
 Function: modify, sort, and package proteins
and other materials from the ER for STORAGE
or SECRETION outside the cell
 Proteins are “shipped” to final destination
 They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP
 Finishing touches on proteins before they leave
factory
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Lysosomes
 (The factory’s clean-up
crew
 It’s an Organelle filled with
enzymes
 Function: Digestion (break
down) of lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins
into smaller molecules that
can be used by the cell
 Also digest organelles that
have outlived their
usefulness
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Vacuoles
The factory’s storage place
Only in certain cells
Sac-like organelles
Function: stores material such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
 Plant cells have a single, large central
vacuole
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 Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to
support heavy structures
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Single-celled organisms and
some animals also have
vacuoles…
 Paramecium
 Contractile vacuole
 Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what?
 homeostasis
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What is the one thing
all living things need
to eat, breath,
reproduce, move and
much more?
ENERGY!!!!
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Two ways cells get
energy…
 From food molecules
 From the sun
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Mithochondria
 Convert chemical energy stored in food
into compounds that are more convienent
for the cell to use
 Has 2 membranes
 Inner membrane
 Outer membrane
 Nearly all come from the ovum
 You get your mitochondria from your mom!
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Chloroplasts
 Capture energy from sunlight and convert
it into chemical energy…what is this
process called?
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Like solar power for plants
 2 membranes
 Inside: large stacks of other membranes
that contain chlorphyll
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Organelle DNA
 Chloroplasts and
mitochondria contain
their own genetic info
 In form of small DNA
molecules
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Cytoskeleton
 Supporting structure and
transportation system
 Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help
the cell move
 2 main type of filaments
 Microtubules
 Microfilaments
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CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
A thin covering that
surrounds the cell. The cell
membrane
a) protects the cell
b) Helps give the cell its
shape
c) Allows materials to
enter and leave the cell
d) Helps keep the cell
material together
The living material
inside the cell
membrane but
outside of the
nucleus. It helps
give a cell its
shape. Most of the
functions take
place within the
cytoplasm
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HOW ARE PLANT CELLS DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL
CELLS?
Plant cells and animal cells are not exactly alike. Plant cells
have certain parts that animal cells do not have. These parts
are a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Cell wall: the cell wall
surrounds the cell membrane
of a plant cell. The cell wall is
made of a nonliving material
called cellulose. The cell wall
is more rigid (stiff) than the
cell membrane. It gives a
plant cell its stiffness. It also
gives it its shape
Chloroplasts: are found in the
cytoplasm of a plant cell.
Chloroplasts contain a green
substance called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is needed by green
plants for food-making. The
food-making process of green
plants is called photosynthesis.
Most chlorophyll is found in the
leaf cells of green plants
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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Substances must be able to get into and out of a cell in
order for the cell to do its job. The passage of these
materials takes through the cell membrane by a
process called diffusion. In diffusion, some molecules
may pass through tiny holes in the membrane. Others
are carried across the membrane by special “carrier
molecules”.
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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
The molecules that are diffusing move to whichever
side that the has a lower concentration of that kind of
molecule. For example, dissolved nutrients and oxygen
tend to move into the cell. Dissolved wastes, such as
carbon dioxide, tend to move out of the cell
The movement of water through a membrane is called
osmosis
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