Transcript World War I - Euroakadeemia

World War I and II
The Progressives
Expand democracy/decrease
poverty
Settlement houses
4 amendments
16th – income tax – 1913
17th – direct election of U.S.
senators -1913
18th – the dry law - 1919
19th – women get the right to
vote - 1920
Woodrow Wilson – a Progressive
Elected President in 1912 and
1914
Austria-Hungary/Germany
Serbia/Russia/France
Germany – neutral Belgium
U.S. remains neutral 1914-1917
War- result of the kind of
entangling alliances which the
U.S. tried to avoid
Proclamation of neutrality
Allies-Britain,France,Russia,Italy
The Central Powers – Germany,
Austria-Hungary
The U.S. – traded with both, but
the Allies were given better trade
agreements
By 1917 – ready to fight the war
Germany – the submarine
Unrestricted warfare
Allied propaganda
Help fight this “war to end all
wars”
WWI – the Great War – a total
war
The President’s powers were
expanded
Produce as many items for war
as possible
The government raised taxes
The Selective Service Acts
A stalemate on land
New machinery – the
submarine, tanks, airplanes
Convoys
The Eastern Front in Russia defeats
The Western Front in France –
trench war
General John J. Pershing
2 million
Germany surrendered
unconditionally – Nov 11,1918
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Fourteen Points:
- no secret treaties
- freedom of the seas
- freedom of international trade
- reduction of armaments
- settlement of all colonial claims
fairly for everyone involved
- self-determination
- establishing the League of
Nations
The League of Nations – most
important
Negotiations
The Senate – back to a neutral
position
Did not ratify the treaty
After WWI – 18th and 19th
amendment
Anti-Saloon League/Women’s
Christian Temperance Union
Half the states banned alcohol
Less alcohol to conserve grain
18th – Prohibition
1933 – the 21st amendment –
control of alcohol usage back to
the states
Women still had no right to vote
No equal opportunities in
education, politics, business or
the professions
Suffragettes
Susan B. Anthony
Lectured, organized, educated
In some states women could vote
By 1920 – the 19th amendment
ratified
Interwar Period
1918-1939
Age of Normalcy
Return to isolationism
Restrictions on immigration in
1920’s
Economy/jobs
The Roaring 20’s/The Jazz Age
Good for the middle-class
Prosperity
Belief: grow wealthy/have much
leisure time
Buying on credit
The Depression 1929-1939
Economy was not functioning
Production had risen
High tariffs – foreign countries
did not buy U.S. goods
Low wages – Americans could
not buy the goods either
New machinery
Speculation in the stock market
Black Tuesday, Oct 29, 1929
By 1932, over 12 million people
(1/4) out of work
5,000 banks failed
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Help the “forgotten men”
Optimistic
Governor of NY
Won by a landslide
Worst year of the Depression
The three R’s:
- relief, recovery, reform
Relief measures to stop suffering
by providing:
- direct money payments or jobs
- mortgage loans
Recovery by providing aid to
farmers, business owners,
workers
Many jobs in building roads,
highways, public buildings, dams,
parks
Reform – to avoid another
Depression
Regulated businesses and banks,
protected bank depositors,
investors, consumers, the aged,
children, the unemployed
New Deal
Controversial
Restored confidence/improved
economy
5 million employed through gov
programmes
Different ends to the Depression
Germany – National Socialists
(Nazis)
Italy – Benito Mussolini
Signs of another war by the mid1930’s
Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936
and 1937
No sale of war goods, no loans,
no Americans sailing on the
fighting ships
Freedom of the seas
Japan invaded China in 1937
Sept 1, 1939
Germany, Italy, Japan – the Axis
France, England, the Soviet
Union, the U.S. – the Allied
countries
1939 – buy war goods from the
U.S. (pay cash and pick up the
goods)
1940 – Americans began to
favour intervention
The Selective Service Act of
1940
1941 – England – lend-lease
Shipments of war materials to
Japan stopped
Sunday, Dec 7, 1941 – Pearl
Harbor
The day “which will in infamy”
Dec 8 – declared war on Japan
A few days later – Germany and
Italy declared war on the U.S.
First focus on Germany, then
Japan
the Soviets - counteroffensive
Sept 1943 – Italy surrendered
unconditionally
The Soviets asked for a second
front
June 1944 – D-Day invasion at
Normandy, France
General Dwight D.
(Ike)Eisenhower
May 1945 – Germany
surrendered unconditionally
Japan
Less successful
Japan – the Philippines, Malay
States, Dutch East Indies
May and June 1942 – Battles of
the Coral Sea and Midway
General Douglas A. McArthur
Harry S. Truman
August 6 1945 – Hiroshima –
70,000
August 9 – Nagasaki
August 10 – Japan surrendered
Effects of the war
Industrial centres and military
targets bombed
Economies – provide goods to
fight the war
Gov – borrowed billions of $s
Everyone went to work
First steps in support of civil
rights
No discrimination on the basis of
“race, creed, colour or national
origin”
22 mil people died, 34 mil
wounded